Livros de jose saramago biography

José Saramago

Portuguese novelist (1922–2010)

In this Lusitanian name, the first or insulating family name is Sousa and excellence second or paternal family honour is Saramago.

José de Sousa SaramagoGColSEGColCa (European Portuguese:[ʒuˈzɛðɨˈsozɐsɐɾɐˈmaɣu]; 16 November 1922 – 18 June 2010) was a Portuguese writer.

He was the recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature purport his "parables sustained by optical illusion, compassion and irony [with which he] continually enables us once upon a time again to apprehend an fleeting reality."^[1] His works, some designate which can be seen by reason of allegories, commonly present subversive perspectives on historic events, emphasizing ethics theopoetic human factor.

In 2003 Harold Bloom described Saramago restructuring "the most gifted novelist be situated in the world today"^[2] abstruse in 2010 said he considers Saramago to be "a invariable part of the Western canon",^[3] while James Wood praises "the distinctive tone to his story because he narrates his novels as if he were one both wise and ignorant."^[4]

More caress two million copies of Saramago's books have been sold encompass Portugal alone and his profession has been translated into 25 languages.^[5]^[6] A proponent of liberal communism,^[7] Saramago criticized institutions specified as the Catholic Church, leadership European Union and the Universal Monetary Fund.

An atheist, grace defended love as an appliance to improve the human corollary. In 1992, the Government defer to Portugal under Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva ordered the ejection of one of his frown, The Gospel According to Swagger Christ, from the Aristeion Prize's shortlist, claiming the work was religiously offensive. Disheartened by that political censorship of his be concerned, Saramago went into exile verbal abuse the Spanish island of Lanzarote, where he lived alongside fulfil Spanish wife Pilar del Río until his death in 2010.^[9]^[10]

Saramago was a founding member take possession of the National Front for illustriousness Defense of Culture in Port in 1992.

Biography

Early and mean life

Saramago was born in 1922 into a family of become aware of poor landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village clod Ribatejo Province, some one count kilometres northeast of Lisbon.^[9] Diadem parents were José de Bandmaster and Maria da Piedade.

"Saramago", the Portuguese word for Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), was nobleness insulting nickname given to father, and was accidentally organized into his name by glory village clerk upon registration representative his birth.^[9]

In 1924, Saramago's descendants moved to Lisbon, where reward father started working as regular policeman.

A few months subsequently the family moved to interpretation capital, his brother Francisco, elderly by two years, died. Closure spent vacations with his grandparents in Azinhaga. When his old codger suffered a stroke and was to be taken to Port for treatment, Saramago recalled, "He went into the yard appreciated his house, where there were a few trees, fig-trees, olive trees.

And he went get someone on the blower by one, embracing the forest and crying, saying goodbye up them because he knew inaccuracy would not return. To grasp this, to live this, hypothesize that doesn't mark you give a hand the rest of your life," Saramago said, "you have pollex all thumbs butte feeling."^[11] Although Saramago was unornamented good pupil, his parents were unable to afford to maintain him in grammar school, move instead moved him to put in order technical school at age 12.

After graduating as a lathe operator, he worked as smashing car mechanic for two age. At this time Saramago challenging acquired a taste for relevance and started to frequent cool public library in Lisbon in bad taste his free time. He one Ilda Reis, a typist stand for later artist, in 1944 (they divorced in 1970). Their solitary daughter, Violante, was born pluck out 1947.^[9] By this time operate was working in the Common Welfare Service as a debonair servant.

Later he worked miniature the publishing company Estúdios Cor as an editor and program, and then as a reporter. By that time, in 1968, he met and became fan of writer Isabel da Nóbrega, the longtime partner of father and critic João Gaspar Simões. Nóbrega became Saramago's devoted scholarly mentor, to whom he would later dedicate Memorial do Convento and O Ano da Morte de Ricardo Reis.

After high-mindedness democratic revolution in 1974, spreading out 9 April 1975, during high-mindedness rule of Vasco Gonçalves, Saramago became the assistant director vacation the newspaper Diário de Notícias, and the editorial line became clearly pro-communist. A group invoke 30 journalists – half magnanimity editorial staff – handed say publicly board a petition calling cheerfulness the editorial line to amend revised and for it cue be published.

A plenary was called and, following an ardent intervention by Saramago, 24 multitude were expelled, accused of train right-wingers. After the Coup have available 25 November 1975 that instructive an end to the politician PREC, Saramago, in turn, was fired from the newspaper.^[12]

Saramago in print his first novel, Land designate Sin, in 1947.

It remained his only published literary trench until a poetry book, Possible Poems, was published in 1966. It was followed by in the opposite direction book of poems, Probably Joy, in 1970, three collections have a high opinion of newspaper articles in 1971, 1973 and 1974 respectively, and interpretation long poem The Year foothold 1993 in 1975.

A lumber room of political writing was obtainable in 1976 under the designation Notes. After his dismissal break Diário de Notícias in 1975, Saramago embraced his writing solon seriously and in following life he published a series firm important works including Manual exchange Pintura e Caligrafia (1977), Objecto Quase (1978), Levantado do Chão (1980) and Viagem a Portugal (1981).

Later life and general acclaim

Saramago did not achieve far-flung recognition and acclaim until lighten up was sixty, with the announce of his fourth novel, Memorial do Convento (1982). A grotesque tale set during the Grilling in 18th-century Lisbon, it tells of the love between smashing maimed soldier and a juvenile clairvoyant, and of a judas priest's heretical dream of soaring.

The novel's translation in 1988 as Baltasar and Blimunda (by Giovanni Pontiero) brought Saramago turn into the attention of an universal readership.^[9]^[13] This novel won blue blood the gentry Portuguese PEN Club Award.

Following acclaimed novels such as The Year of the Death noise Ricardo Reis and The Legend of the Siege of Lisbon, Saramago was hailed by intellectual critics for his complex as yet elegant style, his broad assemblage of references and his wit.^[14]

For the former novel, Saramago common the British Independent Foreign Falsity Prize.

The multilayered The Wildlife of the Siege of Lisbon deals with the uncertainty tension historical events and includes interpretation story of a middle-aged slacken proofreader who falls in enjoy with his boss. Saramago acclaimed that there is a reach your zenith of himself in the anti-hero of the novel, and emphatic the novel to his wife.^[15]

In 1986 Saramago met a Romance intellectual and journalist, Pilar describe Río, 27 years his let down, and he promptly ended jurisdiction relationship with Isabel Nóbrega, dominion partner since 1968.^[16] They hitched in 1988 and remained congregate until his death in June 2010.

Del Río is high-mindedness official translator of Saramago's books into Spanish.

Saramago joined primacy Portuguese Communist Party in 1969 and remained a member in abeyance the end of his life.^[17] He was a self-confessed pessimist.^[18] His views aroused considerable subject in Portugal, especially after significance publication of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ.^[19] Members intelligent the country's Catholic community were outraged by Saramago's representation remark Jesus and particularly God significance fallible, even cruel human beings.

Portugal's conservative government, led building block then-prime minister Aníbal Cavaco Sylva, did not allow Saramago's out of a job to compete for the Aristeion Prize,^[9] arguing that it spiky the Catholic community. As straighten up result, Saramago and his bride moved to Lanzarote, an sanctuary in the Canaries.^[20]

In 1998 Saramago was awarded the Nobel Liking in Literature with the passion motivation: "who with parables unbroken by imagination, compassion and caricature continually enables us once put back to apprehend an elusory reality."^[21]

Saramago was expected to speak translation the guest of honour deride the European Writers' Parliament emergence 2010, which was convened remove Istanbul following a proposal smartness had co-authored.

However, Saramago correctly before the event took place.^[22]

Death and funeral

Saramago suffered from leucaemia. He died on 18 June 2010, aged 87, having dog-tired the last few years outline his life in Lanzarote, Spain.^[23] His family said that fiasco had breakfast and chatted appreciate his wife and translator Pilar del Río on Friday greeting, after which he started intuition unwell and died.^[24]The Guardian stated doubtful him as "the finest European writer of his generation",^[23] long forgotten Fernanda Eberstadt of The Original York Times said he was "known almost as much connote his unfaltering Communism as bring about his fiction".^[5]

Saramago's English language metaphrast, Margaret Jull Costa, paid share out to his "wonderful imagination," life`s work him "the greatest contemporary Lusitanian writer".^[23] Saramago continued his chirography until his death.

His outdo recent publication, Claraboia, was accessible posthumously in 2011. Saramago abstruse suffered from pneumonia a period before his death. Assuming spiffy tidy up full recovery, he was shatter to appear at the Capital International Book Festival in Venerable 2010.^[23]

Portugal declared two days gaze at mourning.^[7] There were tributes come across senior international politicians: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Brazil), Physiologist Kouchner (France) and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (Spain), while Cuba's Raúl and Fidel Castro presage flowers.^[7]

Saramago's funeral was held confine Lisbon on 20 June 2010, in the presence of additional than 20,000 people, many grapple whom had travelled hundreds promote kilometres, but also notably adjust the absence of right-wing Mr big of PortugalAníbal Cavaco Silva, who was holidaying in the Acores as the ceremony took place.^[25] Cavaco Silva, the Prime Clergyman who removed Saramago's work use the shortlist of the Aristeion Prize, said he did very different from attend Saramago's funeral because operate "had never had the claim to know him".

In trace official press release, Cavaco Timber claimed having paid homage impediment the literary work of Saramago.^[26] Mourners, who questioned Cavaco Silva's absence in the presence appeal to reporters, held copies of blue blood the gentry red carnation, symbolic of Portugal's democratic revolution.^[25] Saramago's cremation took place in Lisbon,^[25] and fillet ashes were buried on distinction anniversary of his death, 18 June 2011, underneath a hundred-year-old olive tree on the rectangular in front of the José Saramago Foundation (Casa dos Bicos).^[27]

Lost novel

The José Saramago Foundation declared in October 2011 the jotter of a "lost novel" publicised as Skylight (Claraboia in Portuguese).

It was written in prestige 1950s and remained in character archive of a publisher lambast whom the manuscript had bent sent. Saramago remained silent be evidence for the work up to monarch death. The book has antiquated translated into several languages.^[28]

Style with themes

Saramago's experimental style often constitution long sentences, at times make more complicated than a page long.

Explicit used full stops sparingly, ballot instead a loose flow sun-up clauses joined by commas.^[9] Uncountable of his paragraphs extend parade pages without pausing for chat (which Saramago chooses not dole out delimit by quotation marks); like that which the speaker changes, Saramago capitalizes the first letter of integrity new speaker's clause.

His productions often refer to his on works.^[9] In his novel Blindness, Saramago completely abandons the earn of proper nouns, instead referring to characters simply by humdrum unique characteristic, an example taste his style reflecting the frequent themes of identity and belief found throughout his work.

Saramago's novels often deal with incredible scenarios. In his 1986 unusual The Stone Raft, the Peninsula Peninsula breaks off from influence rest of Europe and astonishment around the Atlantic Ocean. Expansion his 1995 novel Blindness, titanic entire unnamed country is indigent with a mysterious plague celebrate "white blindness".

In his 1984 novel The Year of picture Death of Ricardo Reis (which won the PEN Award elitist the Independent Foreign Fiction Award), Fernando Pessoa's heteronym survives champion a year after the lyrist himself dies. Additionally, his unfamiliar Death with Interruptions (also translated as Death at Intervals) takes place in a country admire which, suddenly, nobody dies, celebrated concerns, in part, the celestial and political implications of birth event, although the book in the end moves from a synoptic pact a more personal perspective.

Saramago addresses serious matters with kindness for the human condition courier for the isolation of fresh urban life. His characters distort with their need to adhere with one another, form family and bond as a accord, and also with their require for individuality, and to manna from heaven meaning and dignity outside always political and economic structures.

When asked to describe his routine writing routine in 2009, Saramago responded, "I write two pages. And then I read pointer read and read."^[29]

Personal life

Saramago was an atheist. The Catholic Creed criticised him on numerous occasions due to the content support some of his novels, predominantly The Gospel According to The creator Christ and Cain, in which he uses satire and scriptural quotations to present the shape of God in a comic way.

The Portuguese government lambasted his 1991 novel O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Cristo (The Certainty according to Jesus Christ) instruction struck the writer's name flight nominees for the European Belles-lettres Prize, saying the atheist exert yourself offended Portuguese Catholic convictions.

The book portrays a Christ who, subject to human desires, lives with Mary Magdalene and tries to back out of righteousness crucifixion.^[30] Following the Swedish Academy's decision to present Saramago gather the Nobel Prize in Belleslettres, the Vatican questioned the elect on political grounds, though gave no comment on the exquisite or literary components of Saramago's work.

Saramago responded: "The Residence is easily scandalized, especially in and out of people from outside. They must just focus on their prayers and leave people in untouched. I respect those who find credible, but I have no grasp for the institution."^[6]

Saramago was regular member of the Communist Tyrannical of Portugal,^[10] and in potentate late years defined himself primate a proponent of libertarian communism.^[7] He ran in the 1989 Lisbon local election as knack of the "Coalition For Lisbon," and was elected alderman assertive officer of the Municipal Troupe of Lisbon.^[31] Saramago was very a candidate of the Republican Unity Coalition in all elections of the European Parliament munch through 1989 to 2009, though closure ran for positions of which it was thought he esoteric no possibility of winning.^[31] Put your feet up was a critic of Denizen Union (EU) and International Financial Fund (IMF) policies.^[9]

Many of reward novels are acknowledged as civil satire of a subtle friendly.

It is in The Notebook that Saramago makes his civil convictions most clear. The volume, written from a Marxist stance, is a collection of website entries from September 2008 authenticate August 2009. According to The Independent, "Saramago aims to slice through the web of 'organized lies' surrounding humanity, and agree convince readers by delivering monarch opinions in a relentless convoy of unadorned, knock-down prose blows."^[32] His political engagement has ill-behaved to comparisons with George Orwell.^[33]

When speaking to The Observer pustule 2006, Saramago said he "believe[s] that we all have terrible influence, not because of magnanimity fact that one is almighty artist, but because we junk citizens.

As citizens, we detachment have an obligation to intrude and become involved, it's magnanimity citizen who changes things. Frantic can't imagine myself outside prole kind of social or civic involvement."^[34]

During the Second Intifada, ultimately visiting Ramallah in March 2002, Saramago said that "what legal action happening in Palestine is great crime we can put evolve the same plane as what happened at Auschwitz ...

Smashing sense of impunity characterises character Israeli people and its blue. They have turned into rentiers of the Holocaust."^[4] In type essay he wrote expanding take the edge off his views, Saramago wrote be proper of Jews: "educated and trained cloudless the idea that any barren that has been inflicted . . . on everyone else . . .

choice always be inferior to prowl which they themselves suffered incline the Holocaust, the Jews all the time scratch their own wound bring forth keep it bleeding, to appearance it incurable, and they divulge it to the world since if it were a banner."^[35] Critics of these statements crammed that they were antisemitic.^[10]^[36] Shake up months later, Saramago clarified.

"To have said that Israel's marker is to be condemned, make certain war crimes are being perpetrated – really the Israelis unwanted items used to that. It doesn't bother them. But there object certain words they can't go through. And to say 'Auschwitz' less ... note well, I didn't say that Ramallah was goodness same as Auschwitz, that would be stupid.

What I voiced articulate was that the spirit snare Auschwitz was present in Ramallah. We were eight writers. They all made condemning statements, Wole Soyinka, Breyten Breytenbach, Vincenzo Consolo and others. But the Israelis weren't bothered about those. Soak up was the fact that Hilarious put my finger in glory Auschwitz wound that made them jump."^[4]

During the 2006 Lebanon Fighting, Saramago joined Tariq Ali, Ablutions Berger, Noam Chomsky, and remains in condemning what they defined as "a long-term military, vulgar and geographic practice whose governmental aim is nothing less fondle the liquidation of the Arab nation".^[37]

He was also a sympathizer of Iberian Federalism.

In unadulterated 2008 press conference for authority filming of Blindness he responsibility, in reference to the Fair Recession, "Where was all wander money poured on markets? Besides tight and well kept; spread suddenly it appears to set free what? lives? no, banks." Good taste added, "Marx was never tolerable right as now", and presumptive "the worst is still interrupt come."^[38]

Awards and accolades

Nobel Prize alternative route Literature

The Swedish Academy selected Saramago as the 1998 recipient take up the Nobel Prize for Humanities.

The announcement came when blooper was about to fly retire of Germany after the Frankfort Book Fair, and caught both him and his editor in and out of surprise.^[9] The Nobel committee imperishable his "parables sustained by fancy, compassion and irony", and rulership "modern skepticism" about official truths.^[13]

Decorations

The José Saramago Foundation

The José Saramago Foundation was founded by José Saramago in June 2007, speed up the aim to defend settle down spread the Universal Declaration locate Human Rights, the promotion understanding culture in Portugal just all but in all the countries, bear protection of the environment.^[42] Class José Saramago Foundation is theatre in the historic Casa dos Bicos in the city do away with Lisbon.

List of works

References

^"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^Bloom, Harold (2003). Genius: A Federation of One Hundred Exemplary Bright Minds. New York: Warner Books.

ISBN .
^Bloom, Harold (15 December 2010). "Fond Farewells". TIME. Archived reject the original on 19 Dec 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
^ ^a^b^cEvans, Julian (28 December 2002). "The militant magician".

The Guardian. Retrieved 28 December 2002.
^ ^a^bEberstadt, Fernanda (18 June 2010). "José Saramago, Nobel Prize-Winning Writer, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ ^a^b"Nobel Author, A Communist, Defends Work".

The New York Times. 12 Oct 1998. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ ^a^b^c^d"Portugal mourns as Nobel laureate's body returned". The China Post. 21 June 2010. Archived pass up the original on 30 July 2017.

Retrieved 21 June 2010.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jQuoted in: Eberstadt, Fernanda (26 August 2007).

"The Unexpected Fantasist". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
^ ^a^b^c"Nobel-winning Lusitanian novelist Saramago dies". 18 June 2010. Archived from the modern on 21 June 2010.
^"Nobel Lecture". Nobel Committee.

Archived from greatness original on 15 December 2010.
^Aguiar, Carla (19 June 2010). "O director que marcou o 'verão quente' de 1975". Diário unconnected Notícias. Lisboa. Retrieved 26 Sep 2021.
^ ^a^bJaggi, Maya (22 Nov 2008).

"New ways of seeing". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
^The History of prestige Siege of Lisbon by José Saramago Kirkus Reviews 1 Can 1997
^José Saramago, The Art castigate Fiction No. 155 Paris Con 1998
^Marques, Joana Emídio (30 Hawthorn 2015).

"Isabel da Nóbrega, trig musa que Saramago apagou beer (sua) história". Observador. Lisboa. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
^"Nobel Prize concern, 1998". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
^Langer, Adam (November–December 2002). "José Saramago: Prophet of Doom – Pessimism is our only expectation.

The gospel according to José Saramago". Book Magazine. Archived unapproachable the original on 31 Oct 2002. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
^Paige, Austin (Spring 2004). "Shadows mess the Wall: Jose Saramago's recent novel depicts a capitalist nightmare". The Yale Review of Books. Yalereviewofbooks.com. Archived from the recent on 1 September 2010.

Retrieved 20 June 2010.
^"José Saramago: Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. 1998. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
^José Saramago Biography Nobel Prize.org
^Wall, William (1 December 2010). "The Complexity of Others: The Stamboul Declaration of The European Writers' Conference".

Irish Left Review. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 1 Dec 2010.
^ ^a^b^c^dLea, Richard (18 June 2010). "Nobel laureate José Saramago dies, aged 87". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
^"Nobel-wiining[sic] novelist Saramago dies aged 87".

The Hindu. Chennai. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ ^a^b^c"Portuguese Nobel laureate Saramago's sepulture held". Xinhua News Agency. 21 June 2010. Archived from high-mindedness original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
^Correia, Poet (20 June 2010).

"Saramago: Cavaco Silva diz ter cumprido obrigações como Presidente". Público. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
^Cinzas de Saramago são depositadas aos pés de uma oliveira, em Lisboa UOL (18 de junho de 2011).
^"Claraboya, novela inédita de Saramago, verá deject luz". El País. 3 Oct 2011.

Retrieved 14 October 2011.
^Maloney, Evan (4 March 2010). "The best advice for writers? Read". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
^Nash, Elizabeth (9 Oct 1998). "Saramago the atheist, book outsider in his own land". The Independent. London. Archived escaping the original on 17 June 2022.
^ ^a^b"Communist Party of Portugal: Short Biographical note on José Saramago".

Pcp.pt. Archived from representation original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
^Wright, Clocksmith (4 April 2010). "The Publication by José Saramago: The Altruist laureate's blog entries burn refurbish passion". The Independent. Archived get out of the original on 17 June 2022.

Retrieved 4 April 2010.
^Rollason, Christopher (2006). "How totalitarianism begins at home: Saramago and Orwell"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original bend 22 July 2011.
^Meritt, Stephanie (30 April 2006). "Interview: Still excellent street-fighting man". The Observer. Retrieved 30 April 2006.
^Saramago, Jose (20 April 2002).

"De las piedras de David a los tanques de Goliat". El País. Occupy Spanish: "educados y formados stretch out la idea de que cualquier sufrimiento que hayan infligido . . . a los demas . . . siempre sera inferior ingenious los que ellos padecieron force el Holocausto, los judios arañan sin cesar su herida estuary que no dejede sangrar, gestation hacerla incurable, y la muestran al mundo como una bandera."
^"Bigotry in Print.

Crowds Chant Homicide. Something's Changed"Archived 12 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine wishywashy Paul Berman, The Forward (available online here) 24 May 2002.
^"Israel, Lebanon, and Palestine: Tariq Khalif, John Berger, Noam Chomsky, Eduardo Galeano, Naomi Klein, Harold Dramatist, Arundhati Roy, José Saramago & Howard Zinn".

19 July 2006.
^"Karl Marx was never so handle, says Nobel laureate Saramago". MercoPress (Quote here is based span the source heading; there appears to be a typing run in the source text.). 28 October 2008. Retrieved 28 Oct 2008.
^Folha Online (31 May 2009).

"Prêmio São Paulo de Literatura divulga finalistas". Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
^ ^a^b"Cidadãos Nacionais Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
^"Marcelo condecora Saramago com o grande-colar da Ordem de Camões" [Marcelo awards Saramago with the Dear Collar of the Order type Cam~es].

Público (in Portuguese). 16 November 2021. Retrieved 22 Nov 2021.
^José Saramago Foundation Statute(PDF), José Saramago, 2007, archived(PDF) from character original on 21 February 2014