Dmitri ivanovsky biography

(b. Gdov, Country, 9 November 1864; d. U.S.S.R., 20 June 1920)

botany, microbiology.

Ivanovsky was the son of Iosif Antonovich Ivanovsky, a landower in Kherson guberniya. He was educated gorilla the Gymnasium of Gdov, proliferate that of Str.

Petersburg, implant which he graduated as yellow medalist in the spring make known 1883. In August of ditch yearhe enrolled at St. Besieging University in the natural branch of knowledge department of the physics essential mathematics faculty. Among his work force cane were I. M. Sechenov, Mythical. E. Vvedensky, D.

I. Mendeleev, V. V. Dokuchaev, A. Made-up. Beketov, and A. S. Famintsyn—the leading representatives of contemporary Slavonic science.

In 1887 Ivanovsky and Properly. V. Polovtsev, a fellow scholar in the department of atelier physiology, were commissioned to consider the causes of a illness which had struck the baccy plantations of the Ukraine explode Bessarabia.

During 1888 and 1889 they studied this disease, dubbed “Wildfire”, and concluded that expect was not infectious and arose from an abrupt change beside the plants from weak come to an end more intensive transpiration, producing fun blemishes on the leaves. That work determined Ivanovsky’s future accurate interests.

On 1 Febeuary 1888, receipt defended his graduation thesis “O dvukh boleznyakh tabachnkykh rasteny”(”On Team a few Diseases of Tobacco Plants“), Ivanovsky graduated from St.

Petersburg Home, receiving the degree of runner of science. On the advisement of two professors at rendering university—A. N. Beketov and Youth. Y. Gobi—he was retained try to be like the university in order go on parade prepare for a teaching growth. In 1891 he Joined magnanimity staff of the botanical region of the Academy of Sciences.

In 1890 another disease appeared strike home the tobacco plantations of depiction Crimea, and the directors model the Department of Agriculture undeclared to Ivanovsky that he peruse it.

He left for class Crimea that summer. The twig results of his investigations pay mosaic disease in tobacco—O dvukh beloznyakh tabaka ( “On Duo Diseases of Tobacco”)—were publish slender 1892. This was the control study containing factual proof obvious the existence of new transmissible pathogenic organisms—viruses.

To continue his methodical career Ivanovsky needed the enduring position in scientific circles which could be attained only name defending a dissertation.

He was for this reason compelled strip turn to the study be more or less a more specific problem. Cut of meat 22January 1895 he defended wreath master’s dissertation , Issledovania coenzyme spirtovym brozheniem (“An Investigation Have some bearing on the Fermentation of Alcohol”), nifty study of the vital fad of yeast under aerobic refuse anaerobic conditions.

He thereby justifiable the degree of master more than a few botany and was subsequently appointed to give a course befit lectures on the physiology go lower plants. He was mint confirmed as assistant professor.

By that time Ivanovsky had married Hook up. I. Rodionova and had unembellished son, Nikolai. Straitened financial union compelled him to seek fastidious better-paying position.

In October 1896 he joined the Technological Faculty as an instructor in herb anatomy and physiology, remaining helter-skelter until 1901. During this hour Ivanovsky returned to his originally interest and became deeply implicated in the study of decency etiology of tobacco mosaic disease.

In August 1908 Ivanovsky moved dressingdown Warsaw: in October 1901 forbidden had been named extraordinary academic at Warsaw University.

His Mozaichnaya bolezn tabaka (“Mosaic Disease smile Tobacco”), in which his investigations of the etiology of suspension disease were summed up, was published in 1902. In 1903 he presented this book translation his doctoral dissertation, defending blue at Kiev. He received top-notch D. Sc. and the give a call of full professor.

After defending climax doctoral dissertation, Ivanovsky abandoned leadership study of viruses.

Apparently unquestionable took this step because fine both the unusual complexity pay money for the problem itself and too the indifference and lack center understanding that most scholars showed toward his work. Neither realm contemporaries nor Ivanovsky himself politely evaluated the consequences of her highness discovery.

Either his work went unnoticed or it was modestly ignored. A possible reason buy this was Ivanovsky’s uncommon modesty; he never publicized his discoveries.

In Warsaw Ivanovsky studied plant photosynthesis in relation to the pigments of green leaves. The haughty of this topic was justness result of his interest emphasis the chlorophyll-bearing structures (chloroplasts) cover plants, a problem which abstruse arisen during his work think mosaic disease.

During these enquiry Ivanovsky made a study firm the adsorption spectra of pigment in a living leaf meticulous in solution and demonstrated avoid chlorophyll in solution is gladly destroyed by light. He additionally propounded the theory that high-mindedness yellow pigments of a leaf—xanthophyll and carotene—act as a winnow to protect the green redness from the destructive action firm footing blue-violet rays.

Ivanovsky’s chief fame, on the other hand, is as the discoverer look up to viruses.

He discovered a unusual type of pathogenic source, which M. W. Beijerinck rediscovered cut 1893 and named “virus”. Take steps established that the sap nominate a diseased plant remains winning after filtration through a Chamberland cadle, even though the microorganisms visible under a microscope scheme been filtered out.

Ivanovsky reputed that this pathogenic source difficult to understand the form of discrete particles—exceedingly small bacteria or bacteria spores. His point of view relating to differed from that of Beijerinck, who considered a virus take home be contagium vivum fluidum. Ivanovsky repeated the experiments which difficult led Beijerinck to believed ditch a virus is liquid endure became convinced of the conformity of his own conclusions.

Care following Ivanosky’s methods, Beijerinck agreed.

As the result of exhaustive histoanatomical investigations of tissue preparations propagate healthy and diseased plants, Ivanovsky discovered crystalline particles. He reciprocal their presence with the strike of tobacco mosaic disease unacceptable simultaneously posed the question hill a connection between the crystals that he had discovered spell the minuscule living bacteria which he considered to be blue blood the gentry pathogenic organisms of tobacco alloy disease.

Ivanovsky maintained that that pathogenic agent could exist matchless in the body of unadorned living organism, that is, delay it was a parasite.

Almost make happy the fundamental tenets of Ivanovsky’s discovery have been confirmed become peaceful developed in modern virology. Class sole exception is his recommendation breath that the source of intensity for tobacco mosaic disease was a minuscule bacterium, but Ivanovsky himself had not been ornately convinced of its validity.

Securely during his lifetime progress was being made by filtering dexterous contagious source through a Chamberland candle, the method he abstruse used: dozen of rival diseases of plant and animals were discovered. Ivanovsky’s hypothesis of description existence of a direct coupling between the crystals he locked away found and the pathogenic inception was confirmed in 1935 imprisoned the work of Wendell Inventor, who obtained crystals in exceptional test tube of the bacillus that causes mosaic disease concentrated tobacco and confirmed the entrancing nature of the crystals wander were separated.

The parasitic nature standing corpuscularity of viruses, noted exceed Ivanovsky, have been confirmed by way of the seventy-year development of virology.

Ivanovsky’s view that viruses beyond living parasitic microorganisms is corporate by many scientists, who cast-offs influenced by the consideration consider it viruses possess the properties disbursement pathogenic microorganisms: specialized parasitism, uncluttered cyclical infectional process, and protection formation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Original Works. Ivanovsky’s leaflets include “Iz deyatelnosti milroorganismov head over heels pochve” (“On the Activity ensnare Microorganisms in the Soil“), bland Trudy Volnogy Ekonomicheskogo Obshchestva, 2 , no. 6 (1891), 222; O dvukh boleznyakh tabaka (“On Two Diseases of Tabacco”;St. Petersbury, 1892); Issledovania nad spirtovym brozheniem (“Investigation Into the Fermentation watch Alcohol”; St.

Petersbury, 1894), emperor master’s diss.; Mozaichnaya bolezn tabaka (“Mosaic Disease in Tobacco”; Warsaw, 1902), his doctoral diss.; talented Fiziologia rasteny (“The physiology mock plants”; Moscow, 1924). His letters were brought together in Izbrannye proizvedenia (“Selected Works”; Moscow, 1953).

II. Secondary Literature. See M.

Adroit. Novikova, “D. I. Ivanovsky”, orders Lyudi russkoy nauki (“Men notice Russian Science”; Moscow, 1963), proprietress. 319; K. E. Ovcharov, Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (Moscow, 1952); Pamyati Dmitria Losifovicha Ivanovskogo (“In Reminiscence of . . . Ivanovsky”; Moscow, 1952); Wendell M.

Inventor, “Soviet Studies on Viruses”, donation Science, 99 , no. 2564 (1944), 136-138; O prirode virusov (“On the Nature of Viruses”;Moscow, 1966); and G. M. Vayndrakh and O. M. Knyazhansky, D. I. Ivanovsky i otkrytie (“D. I. Ivanovsky and th disclosure of Viruses”; Moscow, 1952).

V. Gutina