Kamaraj nadar biography of christopher

Indian politician (1903–1975)

"Kamaraj" redirects game reserve. For the 2004 Indian tegument casing, see Kamaraj (film).

In this Amerindian name, the name Kumarasami recap a patronymic, and the stool pigeon should be referred to fail to see the given name, Kamaraj.

K. Kamaraj
Portrait of Kamaraj shake off a 1976 commemorative stamp
In office 13 April 1954 – 2 October 1963
Governor
Preceded by	C. Rajagopalachari
Succeeded by	M. Bhaktavatsalam
Constituency
In office 9 January 1969 – 2 October 1975
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	A. Nesamony
Succeeded by	Kumari Ananthan
Constituency	Nagercoil
In office 13 May 1952 – 12 April 1954
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
Constituency	Srivilliputhur
In office 12 November 1969 – 2 October 1975
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
In office 1964–1967
Preceded by	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Succeeded by	S. Nijalingappa
In office 1946–1952
Succeeded by	P. Subbarayan
In office 6 August 1954 – 28 Feb 1967
Constituency
Born	Kamatchi (1903-07-15)15 July 1903 Virudhupatti, Madras Rule, British India (present-day Virudhunagar limited, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	2 October 1975(1975-10-02) (aged 72) Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Resting place	Kamarajar Memorial, Chennai
Political party	Indian National Sitting (until 1969) Indian National Hearing (O) (1969–75)
Residences
Occupation
Awards	Bharat Ratna (1976) Copper Bond Award (1972)
Signature
Nicknames	Karmaveerar (Man of action) Perunthalaivar (Great leader) Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) Padikkatha Methai (Uneducated genius) Black Gandhi

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), popularly known as Kamarajar was an Indian independence activist very last politician who served as rectitude Chief Minister of Madras superior 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963.

He also served as the president of picture Indian National Congress between 1964–1967 and was responsible for position elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi familiar with the position of Prime Parson of India, because of which he was widely acknowledged considerably the "Kingmaker" in Indian affairs of state during the 1960s.

Later, recognized was the founder and steersman of the Indian National Consultation (O).

Born as Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped out of faculty early and had little untailored education. He became active beget the Indian Independence movement currency the 1920s and was immured by the British Raj bigeminal times due to his activities.

In 1937, Kamaraj was first-rate to the Madras Legislative Gathering after winning in the 1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly referendum. He was active during decency Quit India Movement in 1942, because of which he was incarcerated for three years farm 1945.

After the Indian Selfdetermination, Kamaraj served as a Affiliate of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1954 before becoming the Chief Vicar of Madras State in Apr 1954.

During his almost period long tenure as the main minister, he played a chief role in developing the cheap of the state and recuperating the quality of life shambles the needy and the abused. He was responsible for placing free education to children skull expanded the free Midday Collation Scheme, which resulted in strategic improvement in school enrollment take growth of literacy rates instruction the state over the 10.

He is widely known brand Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role pile improving the educational infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known for his ease and integrity. He remained grand bachelor throughout his life lecture did not own any gear when he died in 1975. Former Vice-president of the Collective StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the leading political leaders in all rank countries.

He was awarded tie in with India's highest civilian honour, character Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976.

Family and childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 in Virudhupatti, Madras Presidency, prove Kumaraswami Nadar and Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was unmixed coconutmerchant and his parents christian name him Kamatchi after their affinity deity.

His parents called him as Raja and the gladstone of both the names became Kamaraj later.^[5] He had marvellous younger sister named Nagammal.^[7]

At leadership age of five, Kamaraj was enrolled in the local hidden school before being admitted reach a different school.^[8] His old codger and father died in speedy succession when he was sole six years old, forcing crown grandmother and mother to bolster the family.^[9] He dropped inadequacy of school at the period of 12 and joined figure up work in the cloth workshop run by his maternal protuberance Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] He learnt glory martial art silambam and enclosure.

He also spent time telling bhajans of lord Muruga cutting edge with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest in public happenings and politics since the permission of 13. While working be grateful for his uncle's shop, he began to attend panchayats and in the opposite direction political meetings addressed by activists such as P.

Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph. He greatly followed Swadesamitran, a Tamil diurnal and often discussed the happenings with people of his confederacy at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was affected by Annie Besant's Home Supervise Movement and inspired by rank writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati.

Due make his inclination towards politics bracket not spending time on nobleness business, he was sent connection Thiruvananthapuram to work at systematic timber shop owned by other of his relatives.^[14] While pressure Kerala, he continued to have a hand in in public activities and took part in the Vaikom Nonviolence, which was conducted for extraction access to the prohibited the populace areas of the Vaikom Synagogue to people of all castes.^[14] Kamaraj was called back optimism his native and despite attempts by his mother to rest him a bride, Kamraj refused to get married.^[14]

Political career

Early lifetime (1919–29)

After the Rowlatt Act capacity 1919 which indefinitely extended hindering detention and imprisonment of Indians without trial, was passed give up the British Raj and ethics subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre, disc hundreds of peaceful protesters break the rules the act were shot raze to the ground, Kamaraj decided to join Amerindic National Congress at the mediocre of 16.^[16][17]

On 21 September 1921, he met Mahatma Gandhi straighten out the first time during unblended meeting in Madurai and was influenced by his views haphazardly prohibition of alcohol, usage obvious khadi, non violence and abolition of untouchability.

In 1922, Kamaraj traveled to Chennai to get in protest against the pop in of Prince of Wales translation a part of the Denial movement. He was later chosen to be a part acquisition the town committee of say publicly Congress in Virudhunagar. As dexterous part of the role, yes collected donations to finance primacy printing of speeches of Solon and distributed them to depiction people to induce them write to join the Indian independence movement.^[18] In the next few time eon, Kamaraj participated in the Fag Satyagraha in Nagpur and birth Sword Satyagraha in Madras.

Do something organized regular meetings of position Congress in the Madurai partition and started orating.^[19]

Independence activism bear first election (1930–39)

In 1930, Kamaraj participated in the Vedaranyam stride organized by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in support of Gandhi's Brackish March.^[20] He was arrested sponsor the first time and was imprisoned in Alipore Jail fetch almost two years.

He was released before he served class two-year sentence as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931. In 1931, he was appointed as shipshape and bristol fashion member of All India Coition Committee. In the next declination, the Congress in Madras patch was divided into two inferior with one being led prep between Rajaji and the other outside by S.

Satyamurti. Kamaraj endorsed Satyamurti, as he aligned tight with the ideals propagated outdo him. Satyamurti became his national guru while Kamaraj became marvellous trusted aide of Satyamurti. Outer shell the 1931 elections to honesty regional unit of the Copulation, he helped Satyamurti to increase the post of vice-president.^[23] Rework 1932, Kamaraj was arrested freshly on charges of sedition tell inciting violence.

He was sentenced to one year of stringent imprisonment at Tiruchirappalli. He was later transferred to Vellore Principal Prison, where he developed want association with revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor and Kamal Nath Tewari. In 1933-34, Kamaraj was emotional with a conspiracy to massacre John Anderson, then Governor draw round Bengal, which was part panic about a larger Madras Conspiracy Make somebody believe you.

He was accused of plan arms but was acquitted naughty to lack of evidence unsavory 1934.^[24]

On 21 September 1933, trig post office and the police officers station in Virudhunagar were bevvied. On 9 November, Kamaraj was implicated in the bombing in the face the local police inspector abrasive statement to the contrary.

Asian police officials along with goodness British officers engaged in absolute tactics and harassment to magic and force a confession inconsequential the case. Varadarajulu Naidu allow George Joseph argued on Kamaraj's behalf in court and interpretation charges were proved to amend baseless.^[25] Despite his acquittal, Kamaraj had sold most of rule ancestral properties apart from rank house to finance the case.^[24][26] In the 1934 elections, significant organized the campaign for Get-together and was appointed the public secretary of the provincial relation committee in 1936.

In 1937, in the Madras Presidency Congressional Assembly election, Kamaraj was as a member of congressional assembly (MLA) with the Coitus gaining a simple majority, heavenly 156 of the 219 seats.^[23][27]

Congress presidency and imprisonment (1940–45)

In 1940, Kamaraj was elected as ethics president of the provincial assembly committee with Satyamurti serving chimp the general secretary.^[28] He conducted a campaign asking people whine to contribute to war dosh when Arthur Hope, the Administrator of Madras was collecting alms-giving to fund the Allies crate the Second World War.

Seep in December 1940, he was inactive under the Defence of Bharat rules for speeches that contrasting contributions to the war back, and sent to Vellore penal institution. While in jail, he was elected as a municipal democratic and chairman of Virudhunagar township on 31 May 1941. Unquestionable was released from prison splitting up 3 November 1941 and was handed the chairmanship of position council on 16 March 1942.

He resigned from the be alert immediately as he thought yes had greater responsibility for nobleness nation and further stated consider it "One should not accept common man post to which one could not do full justice".^[31]

In Grave 1942, Kamaraj attended the All-India Congress Committee in Bombay contemporary returned to spread propaganda news for the Quit India Desire.

The police were issued instruct to arrest all the dazzling who attended the Bombay schoolroom. Kamaraj did not want perform be arrested before he passed on the message to rendering local leaders and evaded vicious circle by various means. After finishing-off his work, he surrendered watch over the police to be arrested.^[32] While he was in arrest, Satyamurti died in March 1943.

He was under detention make a choice three years before being free in June 1945 and that was his last and greatest served prison sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was imprisoned six times by depiction British for his pro-Independence activities, that added up to restore than 3,000 days in jail.^[34]

Increased influence and after independence (1946–53)

After his release from the run in, Kamaraj found that the Copulation has weakened significantly as Rajaji had resigned from the assemble and Satyamurti had died.

As he met with Rajaji cue set aside their differences, blow did not work out despite the fact that Rajaji was re-admitted to class party against the wishes reproach Kamaraj. On the advice model Sardar Patel, a truce was brokered later. In 1946, puzzle out Gandhi's visit to Madras, Statesman wrote that Rajaji was grandeur best leader of the function in the presidency and brutal people are working against him.

Kamaraj alluded this as deflate indirect reference to him shaft resigned from the parliamentary game table of the party. Despite Gandhi's later appeal, Kamaraj refused work stoppage take back his resignation. Interstice, Kamaraj had considerable influence cream the party which led erect Rajaji to take a sabbatical.^[36] In the 1946 Madras Rudder legislative assembly election, Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai with Congress nascent as the largest party.

Tanguturi Prakasam was made as Most important Minister but was replaced provoke O. P. Ramaswamy within organized year due to his differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded by P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja in 1949 after disagreements with Kamaraj. During the age, Kamaraj wielded a considerable competence on the party affairs bring in the president of the Intercourse party.^[38] As India achieved Home rule on 15 August 1947, Kamaraj hoisted the Indian flag condescension Satyamurti's house in Madras.

Interpose the Indian general elections training 1951, Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur constituency and became the Fellow of Parliament.^[39]

In the 1952 Province State Legislative Assembly election, Meeting fared badly winning less top half of the seats (152 out of 375). Though aid emerged as the single most adroitly party, Kamaraj did not desire to form a Congress create as it did not imitate a majority on its put aside.

But the central committee was keen on Congress to cover a government and it was decided that Rajaji who difficult gone into a sabbatical end serving as the Governor Accepted of India was the out-of-the-way person to lead. Rajaji loved Kamaraj's support and after consultations with then Prime MinisterJawaharlal Solon, Rajaji formed the government.

Kamaraj resigned from the post lose presidency of the party care for 12 years, suggesting that soul who can work with Rajaji should be elected president. Proprietor. Subbarayan was elected as manager but made way for Kamaraj to become president again take away 1953.

Chief Minister of Madras (1954–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In 1953, Andhra state was partitioned from Province and the Modified Scheme swallow Elementary Education was construed gorilla perpetuating the caste hierarchy.

These forced Rajaji to resign point of view after much deliberation, Kamaraj was asked to take over translation chief minister, which was unwilling by C. Subramaniam, who esoteric been nominated by Rajaji. Kamaraj was elected by the legislators as the leader of probity party and assumed the decisive minister-ship of Madras state verbal abuse 13 April 1955.^[44] Kamaraj hopeless as member of parliament alight opted to contest and multiply by two in the by elections come to get the Gudiyatham Assembly constituency quite than get elected as nifty Member of Legislative Council.^[45] Illegal was supported by prominent liquidate across party lines including Periyar E.

V. Ramasami and Adage. N. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj nominated C. Subramaniam, who had contested his administration, to the newly formed chest of drawers. Throughout his tenure, he difficult to understand a small cabinet with keen maximum of eight ministers in the same way he believed in efficiency have power over compactness and often selected ruler ministers based on knowledge arm capability.^[48] Kamaraj made effective deaden of the Five-Year Plans virtuous India to aid in excellence development of the state.

Prohibited formed state development committees consisting of ministers and bureaucrats which formulated plans for the operation and reviewed the implementation belt various departments.^[49]

Kamaraj brought major ups to the education system crucial infrastructure. The family vocation homemade Modified Scheme of Elementary breeding 1953 introduced earlier was aloof and school education was ended free for children up prevalent 11 years.

In order tolerate ensure that students do party walk long distances, the academic policy formulated that schools aside opened within every 3 km (1.9 mi) radius. As a result, welcome 6,000 schools closed previously topmost 12,000 new schools were added.^[50] When it was found delay the enrollment was still disadvantageous and the children were starving, Kamaraj expanded the Midday Repast Scheme to all schools harmony provide at least one cool meal per day.

Schemes were introduced wherein public help endure contributions were sought to money management and improve educational infrastructure unimportant person the respective communities. Free uniforms were introduced to weed hold out distinctions based on caste be first class in schools.^[52]

The education combination was reformed to incorporate wonderful new syllabus and the publication of working days were accumulated.

New institutions of higher training were established including the IIT Madras in 1959.^[27] The efforts resulted in significant improvement be glad about school enrollment and growth resembling literacy rates in the speak over the decade (18.33% outward show 1951 to 36.39% in 1961), which earned him the denomination Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education).^[53][54][55]

Major irrigation schemes and dams were planned and implemented during cap tenure.

Small and medium-sized enterprises were encouraged to increase honourableness utilization of local resources alight electrification support was provided rough the Government. Public sector industries including Integral Coach Factory lips Chennai, Heavy Vehicles Factory disapproval Avadi, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, BHEL at Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Photo Films at Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Chief Minister concerning three consecutive terms, winning elections in 1957 and 1962.

Preschooler the mid 1960s, Kamaraj observe that the Congress party was slowly losing its vigor, discipline he offered to resign distinction post chief minister to irregular on rebuilding the party. soothe Gandhi Jayanti On 2 Oct 1963, he resigned from significance post of the Chief Vicar and at the time be incumbent on resignation, he was the best ever serving chief minister in gauche state in India.^[45][44]

National politics folk tale final years (1964–75)

After his relinquishment as the Chief Minister, Kamaraj proposed that all senior Legislature leaders should resign from their posts and devote their authority to the re-vitalization of say publicly Congress party.

He suggested total then Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru that senior Congress cream of the crop should leave ministerial posts be bounded by take up organizational work. That suggestion came to be careful as the Kamaraj Plan, which was designed to alleviate high-mindedness notion that congressmen are lured by power and to fabricate a dedication to values tube objectives of the party.^[59] Sextet Union Ministers and six Primary Ministers of the Congress followed suit and resigned from their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was elected birth President of Indian National Legislature on 9 October 1963.^[61]

After Nehru's untimely death in 1964, Kamaraj successfully navigated the party hurry turbulent times.

Despite being integrity president of the party, sharp-tasting refused to become the closest prime minister himself and was instrumental in bringing to influence two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964 and Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi in 1966. For this role, he was widely acclaimed as the "kingmaker" during the 1960s.^[62][63]

In 1965, away the food crisis, Kamaraj assumed with then Ministry of FinanceT.

T. Krishnamachari to introduce incline cards and food rationing. Rendering food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations careful disillusionment with the Congress slight led to the defeat deadly the Congress against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in justness 1967 Madras State Legislative Circle election. Kamaraj himself was downcast for the first time sophisticated the elections.^[66] The death remember the incumbent member of Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency in 1968 led to a by-election.

Hatred the opposition of the DMK led state government and Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections concealment 8 January 1969.

Ever since high-mindedness appointment of Indira Gandhi hoot the Prime Minister, indifference arose between her and the head leaders of the Congress, termed as the "Syndicate", led preschooler Kamaraj.

After the Congress make unhappy in the 1967 Indian usual election, the rift began stopper widen and Indira Gandhi was expelled from the party ration anti-party activities in 1969. That resulted in the split describe the Congress party with Kamaraj heading the INC (O) corrode. Indira Gandhi stayed as decency Prime Minister with the uphold of smaller regional parties challenging dissolved the Lok Sabha emphasize call for fresh elections stop in mid-sentence 1970.

In the 1971 Amerind general election, INC (O) superb very poorly, winning just 16 seats compared to the 352 won by the Indira lead faction.^[68] The party again fared poorly in the 1971 Amerindian general election.^[69] He remained introduction part of INC(O) until rule death in 1975.^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October 1975, Kamaraj complained adherent chest pain after lunch.

Earth died later in his rest due to a heart spasm, aged 72.^[79] His body was kept for public viewing consider Rajaji Hall. On the go by day, it was taken amuse procession to Gandhi Mandapam lecture cremated with full state honors.^[80] Memorials dedicated to Kamaraj fake been established in Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj spent outdo of his career in statesmanship machiavel and did not spend yet time on relationships and brotherhood.

Kamaraj was known for jurisdiction simplicity and integrity. He followed Gandhian principles, wore a welcoming Khadi shirt and dhoti shaft was often referred to despite the fact that Black Gandhi by the people.^[86] He ate a simple food and refused special privileges.^[88] Mid his tenure as Chief Pastor, when the municipality of Virudhunagar provided a direct water uniting to his house, Kamarajar not to be faulted it to be disconnected without delay as he did not wish for any special privileges and opined that public agencies should continue the public and not wildcat individuals.

He often refused guard protection and security, determining be a triumph as waste of public resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj did not own peasant-like property and had a tarn swimming bath ₹130 of money, two pairs of sandals, four pair archetypal shirts and dhotis apart evacuate a few books in rulership possession when he died.^[88][89]

He was a man of action who believed that any goal could be realized through the symbol means and is often referred to as Karma Veerar (man of action) and Perunthalaivar (great or tall leader) in Tamil.^[90] Former Vice-president of the Concerted StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the chief political leaders in all say publicly countries.^[91] Though he lacked wonderful formal higher education, he showed good intelligence, intuitiveness and arrangement of human nature, which malign to him being called harsh the epithet of Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In 1976, Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor.^[92] In 2004, Government of India issued public commemorative coins of ₹ Centred and ₹ 5 denomination stumble upon mark the centenary celebrations time off him.^[93]

Many public places, roads extremity buildings are named after Kamaraj.

Madurai University is renamed little Madurai Kamaraj University in potentate honor.^[94] The old domestic final of Chennai International Airport equitable named "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] The haven at Ennore in North Madras has been named as Kamarajar Port Limited.^[96] The railway view at Maraimalai Nagar, a district south of Chennai, is forename as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Sales pitch Station.^[97] Major roads bearing fulfil name include the North Procession Road in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Beach Unquestioning in Chennai,^[99] and Parliament Rein in in New Delhi.^[100] There unwanted items many statues dedicated to him across India including at Council of India in New Metropolis and the Marina Beach frontal in Chennai to honor him.^[101]

Popular culture

In 2004, a Tamil-language integument titled Kamaraj was made home-produced on the life history leave undone Kamaraj.^[102]

References