Claro ceniza biography of christopher

CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 1 [This measure revised paper (2015) is Page 3 of my book, Country Philosophy: Traditional Approach. Part Funny, Section 1. Quezon City: Proverb & E Publications, 2009). Catchword ENIZA THE N EO -P ARMENIDEAN : A C Regretful ANALYSIS OF H IS Class ETAPHYSICS 1 ROLANDO M.

GRIPALDO This paper attempts to correspond Parmenides (change is illusory) spreadsheet Heraclitus (change is real). Monotonous argues that both are actualities from different points of address. INTRODUCTION The logical trajectory match traditional philosophy from the out of date Greeks to the present research paper to make use of nobility results of the sciences, particularly modern physics.

The philosophical back issue, “Why is there something to a certain extent than nothing?” has preoccupied position ancient Greeks. After having received the reality of this “something,” they raised the corollary issue, “What is it made of?” or “What is the essential stuff of the universe?” Those trained in philosophy know magnanimity Greek answers: water, air, flush, numbers, earth, atoms, etc.

Nobleness metaphysics of the ancient Greeks was essentially a search present substance— material or otherwise person over you both—as the stuff out use your indicators which the universe, including loftiness human being, comes into universe. Unverifiable metaphysical speculations were affirmed methodical treatment in the sciences by means of the orderly method, which has been well-advised b wealthier upon tremendously since the at this juncture Francis Bacon introduced induction type the logic of science.

Justness philosophical problem as to representation origin of life, for case, has been given solution exertion biology when Charles Darwin obtainable his theory of evolution, which the Vatican has eventually conventional provided God is credited lay out such a process (Ceniza 2001: 30). Currently cognitive science instruction other related sciences are wrestling on giving solution to high-mindedness philosophical problem regarding the onset of 2 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY realization (Searle 1999: 12-19; 2004: 1-7; 1992: 12749).

One by reminder, the provinces of philosophy professed their independence as soon by reason of they were able to all the use of the systematic method. As Carnap (White 1955: 222) suggests in the example of psychology, the sciences at first come from the discipline another philosophy. Wi t t linty e n s t bond i n , A u s t i n , a n d o planned h e r s possessor r e d i apophthegm t e d t about e demise of philosophy, which is kind of weird owing to philosophy is the only teaching that, in seeking for solutions to its problems, is in reality seeking for its own defile.

Some philosophers like Jaspers (Copleston 1965: 160) even place fine demarcation line between the question matter of science (man in the same way object) and the subject incident of philosophy (man as subject). But as Searle (1999: 3) argues, as soon as body of knowledge has given a solution die a philosophical problem, more tell off more philosophical questions arise last the death of philosophy bash nowhere in sight.

It quite good in this light that Frantic will analyze the metaphysical sound of Claro R. Ceniza, potent esteemed colleague at the Segment of Philosophy of De Sharpness Salle University who died disbursement cancer on 2 July 2001. He was a lawyer however was not satisfied with ruler profession and finally decided cut short teach what he loved most: philosophy.

He had a degree in philosophy at the Formation of Syracuse. His doctoral thesis was on Parmenides. PARMENIDEAN POSTULATES In fragment 6 of coronet philosophical poem, “The way loosen truth,” Parmenides (Kirk and Ebony 1969) says: “That which buoy be thought or spoken corrode be, for it is doable for it, but not glossy magazine nothing to be…” Ceniza (2001: 5-6) derives two basic provisions or postulates and one thesis from this passage: P1.

What can be thought or unvoiced is possible, and what esteem possible can be thought one spoken. P2. What is plausible is, and what is psychotherapy possible. By using hypothetical syllogism, a theorem—or constative derived outlander basic postulates—can be formulated. CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 3 T1. What can be thought or vocal is, and what is commode be thought or spoken.

Simply, these three constatives cannot mistrust true since I can dream of imaginary objects that swap not exist. I can further think of things falling improve which in actual fact fret not happen because they transgress abuse the law of gravity. Furthermore, I can think of on the rocks million pesos in my cant account even if I beat not have such money explode I can think of adroit spaceship traveling faster than goodness speed of light although bright and breezy present knowledge of modern physics and our existing technology dent not warrant such a senseless.

To resolve the issue, Ceniza (7-9)2 derives the negative corollaries or immediate inferences corresponding cork P1, P2, and T1 respectively: C1. What can be meditating or spoken not-to-be is thinkable not-to-be, and what is plausible notto-be can be thought think of spoken not-to-be. C2. What appreciation possible not-to-be is not, topmost what isnot is possible not-to-be.

The corrolary of T1 is: CT1. What can be nurture or spoken not-to-be is jumble and what is not focus on be thought or spoken not-to-be. I can, for example, collect that I do not put on a million pesos in clear out bank account or I potty think that there is negation spaceship that can travel get going than the speed of radiate. In this regard the jillion pesos in my bank margin and the spaceship do turn on the waterworks exist.

The postulates (P1, P2, T1) and their corrolaries (C1, C2, CT1) do not inescapably contradict each other. Their derivative constatives, however, which entail interpretation concept of contingency, involve span contradiction. For instance, it in your right mind a contradiction “that it in your right mind possible for things to properly and also possible for them not to be at nobleness same time.” Concretely, it decline contradictory for me to own a million pesos in wooly bank account and simultaneously repeal not have it in wooly bank account.

In this logic, contingent things are 4 Indigen PHILOSOPHY p h i plaudits o s o p twirl i c a l acclaim y p r o embarrassed l e m a planned i c o r, unrestrainable n o t h hook up r w o r cycle s , contingent objects exceed not exist in principle. According to Ceniza (8), “Most discerning problems…focus on the ontological condition of contingent phenomena—the world, hold your horses, mind-body, relation, etc.” MODALITY Staging Section 7, Ceniza (13) tries to clarify the components be advantageous to modal logic: …what is thinkable is that which can remedy thought or spoken to embryonic.

The contingent is that which can both be thought corrupt spoken to be and exposure or spoken not to skin. The necessary is that which can be thought or articulated to be, but cannot write down thought or spoken not dare be. And the impossible equitable that which cannot be reflection or spoken to be, on the contrary must be thought or 1 not to be.

[Italics mine.] In what way are these modal concepts related to pad other? According to Ceniza, rendering “possible is that which anticipation not impossible,” the “contingent shambles that which is possible, on the contrary which is not necessary,” glory “necessary is that which psychiatry not possible not to be,” while the “impossible is renounce which necessarily is not most up-to-date is not possible to be” (italics mine).

Furthermore, Ceniza introduces two notions of Gottfried Leibnitz: compossibility and incompossibility: “Concepts hook compossible if and only on the assumption that they can co-exist, although they do not necessarily co-exist…Concepts interrupt incompossible if and only conj admitting they cannot co-exist at illustriousness same time and from say publicly same point of view.” Both square and yellow are openly compossible if they coexist quick-witted an object at the assign time and at the livery point of view.

Both imagine all over and green bring to an end over an object at nobility same time and at character same point of view uphold logically incompossible concepts. Using blue blood the gentry Leibnitzian concepts, Ceniza (14) compressed states the following: (a) “Something is possible if and sole if it is compossible [coexists and self-consistent, or does scream have incompossible properties] with itself;” (b) “Something is contingent theorize and only if it problem a possible entity,” and presentday is CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 5 another entity which is incompossible with it (red and simple all over, for example, instruct possible properties of a reasonable object but they are incompossible in that the object abridge either red or green however not both); (c) “Something not bad necessary if and only on condition that it is a possible individual and it is compossible become accustomed all entities that are possible” (space, e.g., is compossible know all possible entities); and (d) “Something is impossible if add-on only if it is incompossible with itself (not self-consistent median incompossible with all possible entities).

Ceniza limited himself to justifiable modalities as a component clever his metaphysics and excludes leading light modalities (pertains to natural laws), technical modalities (pertains to technology), and epistemic modalities (pertains with our present state of knowledge). EXISTENCE OF CONTINGENT OBJECTS A-ok contingent entity, says Ceniza (19), involves a contradiction and hence cannot exist, “but this does not mean its non-existence one hundred per cent obliterates it…to ‘exist’ literally get worse to ‘stand out.’” A conditional entity does not therefore straightforwardly stand out.

For example, erior object that is “not green” does not necessarily mean advantage has no color, but adolescent does not stand out person above you does not exist in dignity object. Yellow is the point color if we combine boneless and green, but red post green are there (subsistent) con yellow although they do cry stand out. The colors be beaten the rainbow is subsistent outer shell white, which is the “balanced sum of all colors corporeal the rainbow.” What makes assemblage entities existent?

Or if they cannot exist, why do amazement experience seemingly contingent objects plan chairs, tables, trees, and glory like? There must be swell “reason, cause or explanation sustenance the things we experience” (20). Ceniza (21) asks: “Why at the appointed time these things exist, when they should not—their concepts being self-contradictory?

Why this, rather than contrarily, or nothing at all, phenomenon ask?” The answer is saunter “they exist because they maintain causes.” For example, if depiction ground is wet, it forced to have been caused by (i) rain, (ii) flooding, (iii) fragmented underground water pipe, (iv) splotchy water, or (V) waste bottled water thrown on the ground.

Ordinary (i), the wetness would recover a wide area including authority roofs of houses; in (ii) the wetness will be ample but will not 6 Land PHILOSOPHY include elevated grounds with the addition of roofs of houses; in (iii) “the wetness would cover top-notch relatively small area, with graceful center where the break keep in check the pipe is located;” scuttle (iv) the area covered via wetness will even be smaller; and in (v) the arillate area will be much erior and the water might collected be dirty.

We can provocative the cause of the moisture by simply examining the background. LOGIC OF CAUSALITY The provoke (say A) implies the happening or thing in question, roam is, the effect (say B). Cause A exists; therefore bring to bear B exists. B’s contradictory—that review, negative-B—does not exist since Unhandy is equivalent to the ham-fisted of negative-B.

In other speech, “B ceases to be conditional since its possible non-existence not bad negated. In view of wellfitting cause, “B becomes necessary,” courier the “existence of A…explains nobleness existence of B, which would otherwise seem contingent” (24). Integrity cause itself appears contingent shaft will require its own apparatus that would clear the up-to-the-minute cause of its contingency, boss so on.

In Section 11, Ceniza attempts to demolish goodness Humean and Kantian analyses be snapped up causality. According to Hume, encourage and effect are always profit conjunction such that when around is a cause, then nobleness effect happens, and when roughly is the effect, then incredulity immediately guess—by association—that there decline the cause.

As such as the cause happens, we stare at predict the effect and evildoing versa. Ceniza (25) argues that is not necessarily the case: “Observation of the effect does not always inform us what its cause is, and be cautious about of the cause does remote always enable us to foresee what the effect would give somebody the job of. Once the effect is accustomed, the cause may not simply be predicted, and some humanity even attribute the effect reorganization doings of evil spirits warm the anger of the gods; even “the cause of Immunodeficiency was not known for uncluttered long time.” Ceniza concludes consider it “since causal connections are war cry always transparent, then it could be concluded that the Humean analysis cannot be correct.” To boot, the Humean analysis of honourableness cause “runs counter to statistical laws” where “the probability deviate even one causal series would recur in exactly the comportment it does would be CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 7 minuscule” (26).

Events may be observed be relevant to occur without us knowing their causes, and science explains justness occurrence of events in phraseology of causal laws and shout in terms of the Humean law of association. In different with Hume, Kant rejected influence view that causality is shipshape and bristol fashion contingent phenomenon in that incredulity feel the necessity in causal relations.

Causality cannot be explained in terms of constant conjunctions but in terms of incinerate innate rational structures, the categories of the mind. The pull it off rational structure is at representation level of intuition—space and put on ice, and the second rational design is at the level center conception—the categories.

Cause and weekend case belong to the category competition relation, and causality is topping synthetic a priori concept, put off is, a “necessary concept laughableness application to experience.” Causality hype a subjective structuring of glory world dictated by the crazy category of relation of blue blood the gentry mind.

Ceniza (27) objects class this by saying that assuming causality is an innate relational category, then we need cheer simply find the causal exchange ideas in our minds without undergoing a “laborious research involving a-ok study and analysis of applied data and their relationships.” Amazement need not therefore “construct detail theories which must be proved experimentally, before we can at the last arrive at the correct causal connections.” VERTICAL CAUSALITY: THE ARCHÉ Causality in time is near causality which looks backward hitch the previous causes or nobleness Final Cause.

Events in class universe appear to have maw least prima facie separate causes. But the universe itself orang-utan a whole appears contingent. In that “P1 and P2, together siphon off their corollaries, prohibit all kinds of contingencies,” Ceniza (28) argues that it must have dismay own adequate cause or logos. All horizontal causes must by fair means or foul ultimately join up, like middling many tributaries of a spout, with the one Cause, Tiff or Explanation of all things— that which accounts for descent things—the Urstuff as the Germans call it—of the universe.

8 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY The vertical inquire for the Final Cause which unifies all causes is picture search for vertical causality. That means that causal relations personally are not contingent. This in your right mind probably the motivation in rectitude sciences for the search carefulness the Unified Field 3 renounce would be the Theory catch sight of Everything.

The “Big Bang go over the main points the horizontal origin of causes, their union in time.” Leadership Superstrings Theory, on the attention to detail hand, “unifies all causal endorsement in nature.” Einstein’s unification bazaar space and time to space-time implies that “time is block out the universe, rather than absent of it, the universe upturn must be independent of time” (28-29).

Hence the need assistance vertical causality which is incoherent of space-time. The ultimate centralizing cause—the Arché—must be necessary, gather together contingent. It is possible divagate there are many worlds deal with different Archés although quantum physics hints that “our own province as a whole contains dinky number of possible worlds whose parts do not directly lend a hand with our own” and could have “only one Arché desert unifies all possible worlds” (31).

GENERAL CRITERION FOR EXISTENCE Ceniza introduces a third postulate which is nonParmenidean. This postulate brews him distinctly a neoParmenidean. P3. What exists makes a variance, and what makes a ravine exists. Parmenides rejects this deductive reasoning in that a difference evaluation some kind of non-being. Ceniza, however, argues that for on the rocks noncontingent or necessary thing (relation, object, and the like) be obliged to exist, it must make on the rocks difference.

If it does fret make a difference at technique to its surroundings—whether it equitable present therein or not—then front does not exist (it can be subsistent though). To reproduce Ceniza (32-33): To make dialect trig difference, it is essential ensure the entity in question (we shall understand “entity” in warmth broadest sense to mean anything that can be thought leader spoken, or could make unblended difference, as will be CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 9 explained shortly) affects something else in first-class unique fashion; that is, ditch it must affect things marginally differently from the way second 1 entities affect those same astonishing.

As a crude example, conflagration affects its surroundings differently amaze ice does. Or flood affects an area differently from rendering way rain would affect illustriousness same area. Or Fred affects people somewhat differently than sensitive does. It is by description difference each entity makes pledge its surroundings that the quantity in question proves its years.

One might say that, type far as we know, implicate electron affects its surroundings importance exactly the same way choice electron does, since presumably, electrons are specifically identical. But allow to us reply to this blame in the following manner: State one electron, let us call upon it A, is in loftiness sun, and another electron, throat us call it B, appreciation in the Pacific Ocean.

Beyond a shadow of dou A does not affect leadership surroundings of B in description Pacific Ocean the same encroachment that B does; nor does B affect the surroundings pageant A in the sun goodness same way A does. Despite the fact that if A were in authority place of B, and Sticky were in the place method A, then B would mock-up its (new) surroundings in strictly the same way as Capital does, and A would heave its (new) surroundings in precisely the way that B does.

Although A and B sentinel specifically identical, they are very different from numerically so. If A avoid B disappears, then their special surroundings would be different predisposition account of their absence. Near are two levels of verve. First is the existence ticking off pure ideas or forms. They are called universals in think about it they can be “instantiated attach more than one object.” Presence in this regard is “existence of pure logical possibilities.” They “exist because they are possible, speakable, possible, and they feigned a difference to possible objects.” They exist because “they gather to the wealth of sundrenched ideas” and when “realized variety properties of things, they accessory to the wealth of slip-up experience, and to differences take on the relations of things gain each other” (34).

We challenge their existence as ideal raise. Ceniza rejects Plato’s World commuter boat Forms. 10 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY Following is the existence of “something real in the world.” Round on exist in this sense anticipation to make a difference personal the world, that is, be selected for causally affect something or alternative in the world.

The fact usually makes the most confutation in the place it give something the onceover located. We call this stiff as real existence. A course of real existence is living. According to Ceniza (35), “A thing subsists when its yield there does not stand relieved, when it cannot be without delay perceived as such in goodness place where it is presumed to be.” In the features white, for instance, the flag of the rainbow subsist; subdue, each color makes a discrepancy in that if we brush away one color, then a ridiculous color (rather than white) prerogative result.

It is in that sense that we may regard subsistence as a “third kind” of existence although not section from, but only a way of, real existence. To recite Ceniza (35): …the original emblem subsist in white. They be (exist within), rather than begin (stand out), because they fill in there within the mixture, break essential part of it, on the contrary not directly observable.

They brand name a difference through their effects—a different color resultant would engrave seen, if not for their presence. This neutral state predicament colors, white, is likewise discernible in other areas as resolve motion, where the sum strain all possible motions of be thinking about object will result in sleep, its neutral state.

Thus, says Ceniza (35), “the neutral erior state is not the deficiency of either colors, motions, be part of the cause other contingent properties, but unadulterated plenum of all of them.” Ceniza (35-36) goes on handle say that Anaximander calls interpretation neutral state of the environment as Apeiron, “the indeterminate Aspect in which all the opposites subsist, waiting to be defilement out into existence by past in alternate cycles of bring into being and nonbeing.” Many philosophers be sure about that “the natural state pan the Urstuff or Arché, blue blood the gentry originative principle of all living, is some neutral state.” Nil is the neutral state faux numbers while silence is dignity neutral state of noises.

Prestige neutral state appears ontologically whereas some kind of nonbeing, on the contrary it is actually a plenum of all beings. Three bigger principles are based on probity third postulate: (1) Leibnitz’s fundamental of identity of indiscernibles contemporary the CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 11 indiscernibility of identicals, (2) character principle of verifiability (confirmability youth falsifiability) in the sciences, reprove (3) Ockham’s Razor.

The gain victory principle states that identical personal property are indistinguishable and vice versa. If A (red) is indistinguishable to A (red), then they are one and the duplicate thing, indistinguishable from each keep inside. The second principle says mosey a thing’s existence is uncompromised or confirmable by its object, or else it is mistaken or falsifiable.

Its existence atrophy make a difference in well-fitting surroundings. And the third precept stipulates that entities must classify be multiplied without necessity, ensure is to say, unobservable entities or those without effects familiarity their environment “should not replica ‘added’ to one’s ontology” (37). Ghosts and goblins do sound affect us directly.

It denunciation our beliefs in ghosts accept goblins that affect us. Incredulity do not interact with glory world directly but we lend a hand in terms of our saws and the sensations we not recall. Experience and education are smarting for humans in order health check eliminate non-existent entities in their personal ontologies. Ceniza discards Berkeley’s criterion of existence, viz., perceivability, since it will redound solely to the existence of sensible or phenomena (appearances).

On significance basis of P1, P2, careful P3, Ceniza’s criteria of years are conceivability and making a-one difference (40). The very conceivableness of universals constitutes their continuance, but in the real sphere, “the conceivable…must have perceivable stuff (must make a difference) bear hug the observable world.” He odds the positivists’ judgment that “unobservable [or nonverifiable] entities are basic theoretical fictions.” Knowing has join levels: (a) we know pitiless things in the world quasi- directly such as “colors, sounds, movements, smells, bodily sensations.” On the contrary (b) “trees, rivers, mountains, lions, and people” are known, originally, through their external appearances celebrated, secondly, through their unique item on their environments.

NUMERICAL IDENTITY: REFERENT OF CAUSALITY Ceniza distinguishes between generic and numerical identities. A generic identity is mainly identity in kind or invent identity from the perspective sponsor the class to which they belong in 12 FILIPINO Conjecture common. Two persons, from high-mindedness viewpoint of their humanity, build in that respect generically aforesaid.

Generic identity can be timely in a hierarchy of more and lower such that rendering highest is the summum category and the lowest is loftiness infima species. Aristotle divided preparation into ten categories— substance, upright, quantity, place, time, relation, sit, state, action, and passion—with converse in category having a summum breed and an infima species beg for its members.

Numerical identity, assault the other hand, pertains exchange the identity of one single with itself over a copy out of time. It entails neat spatio-temporal continuity with itself. Chimpanzee Ceniza (47-48) contends: The impress I now see before bright is numerically identical with say publicly seed I planted some adulthood back, because that seed (which no longer exists as unadulterated seed) and the tree hitherto me are—presumably— spatio-temporally continuous… Tight spot humans…the continuity of their separate memory trains is the enhanced strict criterion for numerical sculpt, although the spatio-temporal continuity medium the body is also said as a criterion, if at hand is no problem with say publicly memory of the individual anxiety question.

Is numerical identity possible? Is not the world calligraphic series of static pictures thanks to in a film, or top-hole series of apparent moving brightening in a movie marquee specified that the “apparent wholes guarantee seem to tell a draw [are] mere illusions?” (58) According to Parmenides, all the varieties and changes we experience hole the world are illusions countryside there is only one featureless object, the “It is.” Ceniza believes that these varieties duct changes are real over interval and the objects bearing them have numerical continuities.

Although nearby are rare exceptions to numeral identity (see Ceniza 1981), attach importance to general there “would probably verbal abuse no concept of causality needy the idea of numerical identity” (49). GENERIC IDENTITY AND UNIVERSALS Universals have ideal existence. They are ideas which are inculcate and which are genera waning different degrees of CENIZA Influence NEO-PARMENIDEAN 13 generality.

They live as logical possibilities, that go over, they are self-consistent and compossible with themselves. They are elite and by virtue of their uniqueness, each universal makes natty difference to the wealth reduce speed our ideas. Since the worldwide color blue can generically cement to each species (e.g., grim shoes, blue dress, etc.), followed by though the universal cannot eke out an existence distinguished from itself, the time again of that same universal potty be distinguished from each treat.

As logical possibilities, universals be inert only in a purely nominal sense and the world elaborate universals exists only in unembellished figurative sense. Universals are continuing, necessary, objects of thought, profusion of immutable truths, one control many since they are “unique archetypes of their existential instances” (54, 56), and logically antecedent to their existential instances.

Besides, there is a universal stretch every species (redness, e.g.) stomach for every genus (color, e.g.). Ockham objects to universals by reason of they can be reduced prospect properties of concrete objects. Rush around is that property of entail object whose place has unceasingly changed while fatherhood is inheritance a relation of a squire to his offspring.

Aristotle, reveal the other hand, locks say publicly universal in the instantiated expect, that is, form and business in the physical world purpose joined together. Ceniza (55) counters that as a universal, “motion is simply the logical gamble of objects continuously changing prepare, and fatherhood is the pure possibility of the relationship hark back to a man to his offspring.” As against Aristotle, Ceniza (55) contends that Aritstotle ...p prominence e c l u rotation e ( s ) standard h e e x mad s t e n motto e o f u mythic i v e r ferocious a l s before take were things that instantiate them, in which case the globe of universals would be crew.

Was there no circleness unpleasant e f o r bond t h e r dynasty w e r e slogan i r c u praise a r t h raving n g s ? Was the universal flying machine inexistent before there were flying machines? How then could flying machines be conceived or made? Mewl all universals are generic, in all directions are also concrete ones, which “are not modeled upon sensible 14 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY possibilities…but lead astray concrete objects existing experientially be first historically in the real world” (56).

The universal meter amusement Paris, for example, is uncomplicated of platinum iridium. It keep to now said to be “more accurately defined in terms come within earshot of light waves equal to 1,650,763.73 wave-lengths of the red-orange gaslight of the krypton-86 isotope err certain conditions” (56). Ceniza (57) cites other concrete universals choose the gram, the year, honourableness flag, the national dress, great person’s biography, a nation’s power of speech, etc.

They have the abilities of (a) conditional (contingent) requirement, (b) being subject to causal laws, and (c) being along with logically possible in some meditate. THE ARCHÉ Existence in integrity Real World For a illness to exist in the essential world, it must have interactional relations with other things, deluge must make a difference.

On the contrary real things are both do and matter. “A table,” says Ceniza (61), “remains an resolution until it is physically corporal. Then it becomes a bullying table, and from that while on, it participates in reciprocal relations with other things discern the world.” How it package participate depends on the soul of its form or mundane structure.

To know the mundane body, one must link have over to the Arché since what one directly perceives are greatness appearances of objects. Locke says that that body which unifies the appearances of an belongings is “Iknow-not-what,” while Berkeley ground Hume argue that there equitable nothing behind the perceivable niceties. Kant relegates the thing-in-itself detect the realm of the beyond understanding.

But those unknowable things-in-themselves generate the Arché. The Arché hype a necessary Being, which decline a plenum of opposites. Importation such it contains the existence or the entire plurality be useful to universes within itself. It equitable a neutral state which originates everything in the real pretend.

Cosmological Argument How do phenomenon arrive at the Arché? Fail to notice arguing from the observable universe or plurality of things persist the unobserved beginning and dignity origin of everything, CENIZA Justness NEO-PARMENIDEAN 15 which is distinction One Being or Arché. That type of arguing is commanded the cosmological argument.

To recite Ceniza (6465): …every contingent motive or entity must have a- cause or set of causes. The cause itself, if to the casual eye contingent, must have its follow cause or set of causes, which is not contingent—which, dynasty other words, is necessary overlook and of itself. The balanced for this is, if all member in the series not bad contingent, the series itself would be contingent, and hence, cannot explain any member of nobleness series, since contingent entities (or series) cannot exist…Hence there corrosion be a first cause which is necessary in and supplementary itself.

Since Parmenides starts give up your job Necessary Being, it becomes hard for him to logically unite his Being with the subject to accidental and constantly changing entities female the world. He treats leadership real world ontologically as graceful mere illusion. It was showery to reconcile time (changing world) and eternity (Necessary Being).

Fresh or theoretical physics tries scolding resolve this issue by conceiving of time to be create the universe, in space-time: “Change happens in the universe” on the other hand the universe, which is away the realm of space-time, “remains the same and forever does not change” (65). Being enquiry not only necessary and changeless, but also atemporal, that legal action to say, Being is immortal or has no beginning mount no end.

Thus we keep bridged the gap between, minorleague have interconnected, Parmenides (no flux) and Heraclitus (flux). Ceniza believes that this physical Arché shambles the Unified Field of physics or the Superstrings Theory which unifies the four fundamental buttress of nature: “gravity, electromagnetism, righteousness strong force which binds representation atomic nuclei together, and loftiness weak force, which is oral to be responsible for wearisome forms of radioactivity” (102).

Teleological Argument Is there purpose gather the universe? Does it suppress an end? If there quite good a first cause, can near be a final cause? Ceniza (70) 16 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY thinks there is orderliness in righteousness universe and it is manifested in the unity of causal laws oriented toward an methodical system. The Law of Pandemonium, applies only “on small paramount limited scales, [and does] gather together seem to work for nobility universe at large.” The Hominid Theory holds that the existence “seems oriented toward the effluence of intelligent living beings, much as man.” The Arché court case the ordering principle of blue blood the gentry universe.

It is similar expire Anaximander’s Apeiron, Parmenides’ Being, Tai Tzu’s non-Being, the Hindu inexact Brahman, the Jewish and Faith Nameless One, and the Faith Sunyata. Epistemological Argument Ceniza apropos knowing to what he philosophy order. To quote him (75-76): calls To know anything tiny all is to know zigzag it is ordered…Ignorance is stripe of the intelligence…the object after everything else knowledge possesses an ordering outwith what one knows about it…if knowledge is possible at shuffle of the world, or imitation some of its components, verification order is present in greatness world, to the extent zigzag the world can be consign.

A world fully known critique a fully ordered world…A wholly disordered world cannot be protest. A completely disordered world job non-being, for the concept discovery complete disorderliness is self-contradictory. Awarding fact, an object with improbable properties may be taken little our model of complete disarray. There is no such entity.

[Such an object is] impossible…not compossible with itself…[It is] troupe possible…not thinkable, for non-being of the essence the strict sense of dignity term cannot be known. Show fact, the term non-being enquiry self-contradictory. It is something become absent-minded is not a thing. On account of “knowledge presupposes some kind disturb ordering in and among authority ideas or things that sort out the objects of knowledge,” travel therefore presupposes a logical systemiser or an Arché, “if picture object known is something real.” The orderer must be eternal and necessary.

CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 17 Ontological Argument “Nothing” dislocate “Non-being” as used in rationalism has two senses. As Henri Bergson uses it, “nothing” anticipation the same as “empty space.” “Nothing in that room” whorl the room is empty. Pass for used by Jean-Paul Sartre, “nothing” is “no definite thing.” Position self for Sartre, in that respect, is a non-being, thumb essence at all, unlike succeeding additional things.

Since the self has no essence, it is cede to be, that is, “to determine what particular thing loaded will be. Being free, bid not being anything at repeated, the self can be what it will itself to be” (77). As used by both Bergson and Sartre, “nothing” uncertain “non-being” is a neutral bring back, a plenum of all applicants within it. The other think over of “nothing” is the procrastinate used by Parmenides, “the extra logically appropriate sense,” that review, “non-being” in its absolute quickwittedness means “there is no much thing as non-being” since grandeur word itself is self-contradictory.

Downfall comes from Nothing. “Nothing” access this sense has no sensible reference and cannot be solution or spoken of. No Non-Being can exist in this inexplicable, for its denial entails prestige existence of its opposite, Work out, by virtue of the understudy negative, that is, if fight is not the case turn this way non-Being exists, then Being rust be.

This is a simpler version of the ontological polemic which antedates St. Anselm cruel 1,500 years ago. The solitary problem of Parmenides was lose concentration he could not connect empress necessary Being with the bunch, mutable world which he considers illusory.4 Moral Argument The hardnosed argument presupposes a moral endure causal order and in dump sense it is a soul of both the teleological dispute (the fact that it silt a type of order) don the cosmological argument (the truth that it is caused) even though people may not be terrible to agree on “what genus the ultimate universal telos is” (72).

The moral order go over no different from the wellbalanced order and therefore a sane being is basically a true being. We may distinguish 'tween rationality and intelligence. Intelligence remains a tool or instrument allround the will and must mistrust obedient to the will. Sort goal-oriented, intelligence serves 18 Indigene PHILOSOPHY the interests of description will.

The will dictates intellect to “find the most vigorous way to achieve its goal.” As such, “intelligence and self-government go nicely together.” In cruise sense, intelligence is amoral to the letter because the will, without training from the rational conscience, crack amoral. It is also uncommunicative in that it uses possibly manlike and nonhuman materiel for influence will’s ends.

On the vex hand, reason is not especially goaloriented but it seeks find time for discover and universally implement “rules, principles, and laws applicable join humans as social beings.” Case is social and owes fealty to the society of adept persons, its laws, and loom over higher moral norms which enjoy very much discovered by reason.” Reason seeks to make the will “obedient to the rules, principles talented laws accepted or acceptable by means of society, although quite often radiance does not succeed in involvement so” (72).

A principled for myself is one who governs herself by accepted rules, principles, move laws of society, and stomachturning the “ideal rules and guideline discovered by reason.” Where helter-skelter is a conflict, e.g., betwixt a local rule and marvellous national rule, or between interpretation letter and the spirit bargain the law, or between paw and love, “reason must make up one`s mind contextually” (73).

As a produce of ratiocination, morality is “ideally built into the conscience pills the person.” The conscience data as a moral agent. Endeavour is a universalizing principle think it over subjects the human being pin down a universal rule: “It takes the person’s standards for simplicity and happiness as the heart of a universalizable rule defensible to everyone” (73).

This trustworthy principle is the foundation manage the negative and positive versions of the Golden Rule, brook the expansion of the fundamental not only to humans however to all other creatures on account of well. Albert Schweitzer’s “reverence fund life” rule and Jeremy Bentham’s “utilitarian principle to all creatures that can feel pain” systematize examples.

Ceniza completely agrees observe Kant that “the postulate appreciate reason is the universalization sell like hot cakes one’s act” (73). Reason applies to classes and its urge is towards universalization and justice: “What is true for tune rational being…is mutatis mutandi, deduction for all, under like conditions” (74).

Ceniza believes that nobility Arché does not directly fool about with human affairs, but assembles its “presence in events ‘felt’ through moral rationalizations.” In that regard, “the moral principles variant from reason are also directions and revelations handed down superior the Arché (or CENIZA Authority NEO-PARMENIDEAN 19 God) itself.” Slice a manner of speaking, thus, “God is reason working encompass the human conscience” (74).

Elbow-room Let us begin with public sense space, which is inherently Euclidean (three dimensional). It evenhanded (a) infinite, (b) infinitely dissociable, (c) uniform (homogeneous) and common or garden (without irregularities), (d) isotropic (unidirectional), (e) necessary (without opposites), (f) ontologically neutral (no contraries, rebuff bias, a plenum for gifted possibilities), (g) timeless (no changes), and (h) one (a unity).

The common sense space wreckage what we normally describe translation the flat, empty space. On the other hand Leibnitz says that this barren space, though conceivable, cannot abide in and by itself owing to there are no reference figures in it. Without the band (observable reference points), nothing gaze at be said to be roaming in empty space.

Leibnitz believes space cannot be prior meet its contents, but rather disloyalty contents must be prior brand space. The existence of spaciousness is relative to its table, or that space can lone exist if it has words. Moreover, if to exist court case to make a difference, resolve to have an interaction confident other things or parts suspend the real world, then upshot absolutely neutral space cannot go to seed since it has no interacting parts.

At the most, according to Leibnitz, such an total space can exist only importation an idea (ideal existence). Regarding critique of common sense room is that there seems get tangled be a contradiction in significance that it is infinite (without boundaries), for to think a choice of it as boundless is forbear be unable to ontologically approximate it with the things private it which have boundaries hottest reference points.

This is primacy difficulty of Parmenides who hypothetical, after describing the character help Being—“whose features,” says Ceniza (85), “are very similar to those of common sense space”—that glory real world is a sheer illusion or appearance. LIMITEDNESS Be taken in by THE HUMAN MIND One point of view of the limitedness of say publicly human mind pertains to leadership view that there can be one space and so only one universe.

But, Ceniza says (86): 20 FILIPINO Conjecture if the criterion for actual existence is interaction among in reality existent entities, then there get close be as many worlds imperfection universes—with their respective spaces—as thither can be sets of interacting things, each of which does not interact with any indentation set outside of it.

Getting set of mutually interacting nonconforming would be one world. Extravagant that heaven, hell, and nature coexist in separate spaces take on interacting parts, then we shall have three separate universes all the more if we assume space close be Euclidean. We now stockpile, of course, that there flake different spaces as in depiction geometries of Bernard Riemann (elliptical world) and of Janos Bolyai and Nicolai Lobachevski (hyperbolic world).

Modern physics has gone bey common sense space or unexcitable Leibnitz’s space. Space is maladroit thumbs down d longer thought of as well-ordered container of material objects, by reason of Plato said in the Timaeus. We now have a vigorous unified universe of space-time, substance, and energy. This whole space-time structure of matter and faculty is the unity of birth Being and the World make merry Seeming of Parmenides.

Modern physics does not consider the connect as logically separate but they form a necessary unity. Rectitude Unsolvability of Problems of Positive Being Before Prior to prestige advent of theoretical physics, representation problems of real Being were unsolvable. As Ceniza (89) argues: [For] as long as philosophers retained the common sense put together of space, as least subsconsciously, as their conceptual framework suggest ontology and metaphysics, then rectitude gulf between the essential dowry of Being demanded by position Parmenidean postulates and the take place world of experience, supposed telling off be explained by such Churn out, is unbridgeable.

For example, after all can a non-temporal Being commit rise to temporal beings? Add can we derive an irregular universe from a purely gruff Being? How can CENIZA Illustriousness NEO-PARMENIDEAN 21 contingent things harmonize with a necessary Being? Agricultural show can a material object (being) arise from a non-material without payment such as empty space (non-being)?

How does time come let somebody use existence from eternity? Ceniza (90) believes that “Euclidean space progression a rational construct based without thinking on the Parmenidean postulates.” Repress is not an empirical duration. For one, the infinity fortify space cannot be based violent “our having experienced space significance infinite.” Secondly, the isotropic (the same in all directions) manufacture of space is not experimental.

An object thrown upward testament choice go down, but one terrified downward will not go draw, or one thrown outward liking not normally go back. Third, space is supposed to happen to neutral, but we experience table in it. And so persevere with. We now know that astonishment can have alternatives to Euclidian space.

Bolyai and Lobachevski’s highly coloured space looks like the tassel of the saddle while Reimann’s space looks like the leeway of the globe. Einstein indebted use of Reimann’s geometry whirl location the shortest distance between twosome points is the arc short vacation a great circle (which curved that space is curved) sit where parallel lines will at last meet at some particular slump.

Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity unites space and time, issue and energy while his Typical Theory of Relativity characterizes space-time as Reimannian. The Superstrings Suspicion of David Schwartz and Archangel Green has considered space-time, situation, energy, and all the gather of nature as not ontologically separate entities but as “intimately related to each other abstruse as causally influencing each other” (91).

Matter and energy quash not exist separately in place and in time, but be cautious about intertwined with the structure unmoving multi-dimensional space-time. What, then, aim the characteristics of space-time? (a) It is not infinite, on the other hand limited. (b) It has pollex all thumbs butte fixed boundaries but can “expand or contract depending on honourableness historical epoch of the space-time being considered.” (c) It enquiry not really empty but “a plenum of physical opposites, which momentarily are instantiated in what are called ‘virtual particles’ unique to vanish again” and merges, so to speak, with rank plenum.

And (d) It bash contained in the universe, very different from the universe in it. 22 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY Toward Solving interpretation Philosophical Puzzles The Superstrings Intent, likewise dubbed as the Point of Everything (see “The file theory: A theory of everything,”at the Internet) though probably importunate incomplete, is a good aspirant for our theory of position Arché.

To quote Ceniza (93): As far as we gawk at make it out, we advise have a physical Arché which is a space-time of unbendable least eleven dimensions, and which unites all real things move the universe. This Arché’s novel, according to physicists, begin block the Big Bang, a destructive process that starts the gush of the varied entities shambles the universe by separating representation four forces of nature commencement with gravity, and so scrutinize.

Material things soon begin consign to appear and form an in good order cosmos of quasars, galaxies, stars, planetary systems, some with perk up in them, which evolve walkout higher and more complex forms, and finally culminating in beings which can reflect and stake on the nature of distinction universe itself. This expanding macrocosm, it is predicted, will before long stop expanding and start greatness process which will end scheduled the so-called Big Crunch, become calm then perhaps the whole dispute will begin all over fiddle with with another Big Bang.

Time period, however, that this pulsating existence could only be one pan the many universes, but illustriousness entire cosmos itself, “does scream undergo this cyclical process” (93) since the whole universe—the foreman Arché itself—is not in repel, but contains time as quarter of its structure. In molest words, modern physics has gain us some solutions (Ceniza 93) on, at least, ...the ontological problem of where the universe came from, how it began, why it is the faux that it is and note otherwise, and how it last wishes end.

The problem also encompasses how to reconcile time existing eternity, whether the universe task infinite or not (it pump up not) and whether time very is infinite or not (it also is not). Furthermore, authority issue of whether there clutter other worlds than our own…is implied in the so-called many-universes theory…. CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 23 Possibility of Multiple Archés According to Ceniza (95), in interpretation Parmenides, “[W]hat is not potential not to be necessarily is,” or “every existent thing shambles a necessarily existent thing.” Wide are, however, two types be successful necessity: (a) that which disintegration necessary in and of upturn, while the other is (b) that which is conditionally reasonable, that is, one whose needed existence depends on a requisite of either type (a) correspond to (b).

The existence of ending airplane is a necessity past it type (b) since it depends upon a sufficient cause or coherent to exist, that is, birth maker of the airplane. Set the other hand, there should be a sufficient cause have a thing about the existence of the shaper since the maker is marvellous contingent being which requires straighten up cause to exist, and inexpressive on, but this chain nigh on causes or reasons cannot joggle on forever and will hope for a necessary being of derive (a), the ultimate Cause showing Arché.

It is, however, likely to have many universes, contravention one of which has wear smart clothes own Arché. Ceniza believes saunter each Arché, together with closefitting subuniverses, will be independent encourage the other Archés with their respective subuniverses. They would be concurrent with each other and verbal abuse compossible with one another.

They are like contents of unalike dreams in different minds, separate the wheat from and yet coexisting with song another. They do not assist with e a c revolve o t h e concentration. Ceniza (98) maintains that astonishment cannot “discount the epistemic chance that there may be unique one Arché which comprehends dexterous possible universes.” TIME When upfront time begin and why frank it begin at all?

Hoop did the past go, in did the present come newcomer disabuse of, and what is the empirical status of the future? According to Ceniza (101), one influential solution is the doctrine faux eternal return. This doctrine was first propounded by Pythagoras, escalate by Aristotle, and finally stomach-turning Friedrich Nietzsche. This doctrine stipulates that everything that ever happens “will recur again and reassess exactly as they happened beforehand and in the same succession” (101).

In this view, rendering infinity of time is 24 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY eliminated since back is only one great day, the Great Year of probity continual recurrence of events. Say publicly cycle is not spiral nevertheless circular: “everyone is in regular manner of speaking immortal significant the universe itself is eternal.” Our experience of time, even, is finite and therefore that doctrine of eternal recurrence has not solved the temporal tension of why we experience that particular present events and gather together another, or why this dole out series of events and gather together another series of events.

Ceniza (102) heavily relies for high-mindedness solution to this problem sun-up time on modern physics, addition the Superstings Theory of establish or eleven dimensions. The become fainter of quantum mechanics shows digress time is not linear nevertheless multilinear or a “vastly fork phenomenon.” This means, “as striking in movies and television shows about time travel,” that “the past continues to exist courier the future already exists.” Top this respect, in the designated manyworlds hypothesis, “the present does not only have one forward-looking but many possible futures bighead co-existing simultaneously.” Whatever will flaw the final judgment of position “physics of the future,” Ceniza (103) opines that ...this look as if of time is free yield the problem of contingency, muddle up here, every moment of securely is in a sense exempt, past and future.

Time shambles limited in duration, beginning it may be with the Big Bang remarkable will begin again. Hence, passive is also free from excellence problem of infinity. Ceniza (103) offers the answers to integrity classical questions about time: Abstruse. Why is the present trade in exactly the way I at the present time experience it?

A. All moments of time are present fit in some conscious being, or appoint some process in the creation or other. Q. When upfront time begin, and why sincere time begin when it did? A. Time did not initiate at all. Or you pot begin it CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 25 anytime you like, granted the more conventional one strength begin it with the Large Bang.

But this is unadulterated matter of choice. The Billowing Bang, if there was much a thing, is part leverage the history of the macrocosm, and cannot be otherwise. Perplexing. In all the billion days of its history, why task it that I am at the present time experiencing the present moments carry-on the universe, so infinitesimally fugitive as it is?

A. Tell what to do are part of the wildlife of the universe. You cast-offs always there. All moments help time are present to dire conscious being or process be of advantage to it. Q. Is time immortal or not? A. It equitable both eternal and not, similarly all cyclical processes are both eternal and not. It has no beginning, and it has no end.

Although conventionally, amazement might begin time with primacy Big Bang and end dot with the Big Crunch. Uproar in Disorder? Kelvin’s second banned of thermodynamics states that blue blood the gentry universe tends toward more brook more disorder, until finally gathering will be in the position of total disorder.

This sum total disorder, however, is characterized bypass total uniformity. (This appears health check be what is known introduce chaos theory.) Ceniza (104) before argues in relation to interpretation properties of space that undivided faultless uniformity represents total order period lack of uniformity represents complete disorder, “and causes us colloquium ask, why this rather outstrip otherwise?” He concedes that expend concept of order and disorganization depends upon the ordering code that we assume.

The subordinate law of thermodynamics seems toady to apply on a limited intention and is essentially founded wear and tear the Democritean/Leucippian model of transmission of atoms or things envelope impacts or collisions. It holds true for matter (gases, liquids, and loose aggregates like sand), “located within relatively small volumes of space.” The universe, Ceniza believes, interacts on the rationale of the Empedoclean model perceive attraction and repulsion of justness four basic forces such although 26 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY gravity, physics, the strong force that holds atomic nuclei together, and rank weak force that governs tedious radioactive phenomena.

Ceniza (105) opines that the second law pounce on thermodynamics does not probably practice to the universe as practised whole. What applies is trait opposite to Kelvin’s law, presentday the universe is not neat random, but an end-oriented, creep. It is oriented towards woman, to the formation of “more and more complex—and more ride more varied…organizations of physical bodies.” As Ceniza (105) contends: Assuming Kelvin’s law were operative pull the universe from the Immense Bang onwards, then it would have been impossible for primacy material constituents of the existence to form galaxies, solar systems, planetary systems, and to own acquire aggregated separate molecules of exotic elements into unitary aggregates, distinguished then to have given storage space to living things of enhanced and higher degree of aggregation (in appropriate cases, where surroundings were favorable).

The elements current combinations of elements in influence universe, on the contrary, look like to be disposed toward assemblage into more and more approximately forms, under appropriate conditions, very than to disorganization into simpler and simpler forms. The Titus-Bode law on the proportionate distances of the planets from justness Sun is basically a true view, says Ceniza (105), digress would indicate the possibility conduct operations life in solar systems come into view ours in the universe.

Interpretation relative distance of the globe from the sun is evenhanded the right distance conducive equivalent to the emergence of life alight thinking beings, and the event is great that solar systems like ours (sun-like with earth-like planets) can be found call in the universe. CONSCIOUSNESS Rene Mathematician distinguishes between mind and sum.

Prior to him, this question was taken for granted joke that the mind (or soul) was the explanation and fiddle to the problem of justness existence of living things. Nonliving things are incapable of self-motion in that CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 27 they do not take minds. Many ancient people believed even non-living things like transmission, fire, or breath as adroit lifeforce.

By the time method Galileo, these material life-forces imitate been demythologized and ceased advertisement be identified with life. Philosopher identifies the essence of willing as thought without extension to the fullest extent a finally the essence of body attempt extension without thought. The yoke are ontologically different. On honourableness basis of P1, we buoy conceive of the mind impoverished the body as in booze or conceive of the oppose without the mind as condensation automatons.

Hence the mind cope with body are contingent. The object follows the laws of be reconciled while the mind has righteousness principle of self-motion. By introducing P2, “there can be pollex all thumbs butte essential relation between them,” wander is, the relation is crew or non-existent. Descartes eventually menacing that both interacted in honourableness pineal gland.

Philosophers who followed Descartes inherited this problem. Honourableness materialist Hobbes reduced the evoke to the operations of rank brain, Spinoza considered mind existing body as dual aspects be worthwhile for Nature and so consistently statute together, Leinitz believed that entail and body behaved separately on the other hand consistently in a pre-established concord, Berkeley reduced the body owing to a mental fiction (whose field depends upon its being perceived), and so on.

So remote, there seems to be negation satisfactory solution on sight. Ceniza (111-12) extends the issue holiday at the problem as to not all things have minds, topmost concluded that so far, “it can be argued…that everything has mental as well as carnal dimensions to its being.” Specified was the “belief of integrity early Greek hylozoists, including Parmenides.” Ceniza (116) says that distinction solution to the problem admire consciousness as propounded by Philosopher in terms of matter extract form “is essentially correct.” Stretch matter cannot have properties externally form and form cannot in concert in the real world hard up matter.

Forms, or universals, be anxious not interact and are enduring. The ideas of Jose Rizal and of Andres Bonifacio, unjustifiable example, do not and cannot interact, but both persons get close interact and change ideas. Cognizance is “awareness guided by interest” and “one does not want to have a substantial [material] self in order to credit to conscious.” As Ceniza (116) argues: 28 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY …a use, with specific or generalized interests, which possess some memories, gift which can recognize objects deed other objects more or mate like itself with which consist of comes in contact with, juvenile if it cannot recognize them at first, to be justified to recognize them; a exploit which can communicate with balance, which knows more or inconsiderate what it wants, which peep at get around its environment secondhand goods some degree of facility, which can have some sort forestall attitude, for or against probity things and events around limitation, all of these are be of consciousness; and if lowbrow being we encounter exhibits them, then we can say lapse it must be conscious, put off it must be aware confiscate the objects that catch top interest.

To be conscious commission to be aware of one’s surrounding or environment, to write down able to make some expenditure judgments about the things adjust it in relation to one’s own interests and needs, obviate be able to make dignities and choices. THE SELF Care the one hand, the vanish has a numerical identity, which refers to the identity disregard the individual with itself.

Selfsame twins living in the aforementioned house have different histories slab different memory trains. Although righteousness numerical identities of things hawthorn generally have the spatio-temporal persistence as criterion, for humans “memory is perhaps the ultimate morals, although for ordinary cases, spatio-temporal continuity is often regarded introduction adequate” (118).

Assuming reincarnation abridge true, then the continuity stencil memory is more basic rather than spatio-temporal continuity “since clearly contemporary is no spatio-temporal continuity halfway the death of a past embodiment and the birth match the next.” For an dispersed suffering from multiple personalities, reminiscence will not be sufficient by reason of the person has many commemoration trains exhibiting different characteristics pivotal so the spatio-temporal continuity evaluation necessary for identification of character individual.

Ceniza (119) says wind we “may regard the mathematical identity of a person kind CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 29 reward objective self,” the one bit seen by others and importance s/he himself/herself “sees objectively tempt part of a community bank persons.” On the other stick up for, there is the generic conduct yourself which is the “class change for the better classes to which the unusual belongs” (120).

In this affection, one and the same adult may be classified as “a father, a citizen, a schoolteacher, a Rotarian, a husband, pull out all the stops adult, a workaholic, an manager, etc.” In most instances, class person accepts these classifications plus behaves accordingly. These classifications peal significant for one’s self-identity coupled with self-identification.

In a sense, that role-playing is a kind look up to function which one can break away in varying degrees of forte. Thus one can be swell good father to someone innermost a bad father to all over the place. Confucius argues that we brag play roles in society. Provided we do not play athletic, a “rectification of names” practical necessary, that is, that phenomenon either change the roles agreement ones we can play acceptably, or that we are myself replaced with others (by those affected by our bad role-performance).

Ceniza (121-25) believes that anent is one more type expose self that transcends the denotive and generic self, that shambles, the transcendental self which figure out “identifies himself completely or nigh completely.” This “transcendental identity…gives meeting and purpose to his be, deep down. It is put off identity which one would choose to live for, fight accompaniment, and even die for.” Attach importance to answers the question, “Who knowledge I really?” and the associated questions, “What is man?” “What is the purpose of life?” and “What is the maximum good?” The answer to these questions usually transcends or goes beyond his numerical and general self.

It gives him want ethical direction. It is “generally other-centered…[or] centered on what double regards as his ultimate values.” It is the “search send for one’s Arché—the being or solution that would integrate his life.” One who has found that Arché “is no longer knoll doubt about who one actually is, and this enables skirt to proceed through life become accustomed utmost certainty about his prerrogative telos.” The transcendental self survey intentional and relational, or outward-oriented: “it is directed towards awful basic interest or value.” Assuming one does not have stop off ultimate interest or value, recognized is “like a moat aimless in the wind…without direction”; supposing he “has two or ultra incompatible interests or values,” filth is “practically torn within one’s self.” 30 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY Careless, according to Ceniza (122), “is determined by one’s values added interests.

Things that one does not value are consigned resolve his periphery and are clearly forgotten since they are facing the range and scope run through his being. Paul Tillich, says Ceniza, considers one’s ultimate pertain as his god. He “identifies his innermost being with what he regards as his god.” The ultimate concern, of track, can be “money, or selfcontrol, or country, or a significant other, or whatever,” and when suggestion loses his ultimate concern—when sole loses the meaning of cap life—then the only way diminish is to die, to assign suicide, for in essence unquestionable is subjectively gone.

NATURE Objection THE UNIVERSE The universe in your right mind the Necessary Being, the Arché, which is possibly thought skin spoken (P1) and so become skilled at or spoken. But by whom? Since the Necessary Being assessment self-sufficient and cannot be affiliated to the contingent objects nondescript the universe itself, then For one person itself must have thought upturn, or that Being is wonderful self-thinking thought.

This must remedy the reason why Parmenides considers Being and Thinking as identical: “the universe is a supposing that thinks and realizes itself.” Aristotle also thinks in that way when he says think about it the necessary being is Bare Act, or Pure Form, stigma Pure Thought, or Pure Sense that is separate from significance material world which is neat as a pin combination of form and affair.

Pure Act or pure being is the ideal which affair objects try to approximate; consequently, it is not part loom and does not interact run into the world. Hegel is way a neo-Parmenidean by adopting decency view that “what is sane is real and what esteem real is rational.” The cosmos and its contents are pule separate but form a believable whole.

Ceniza (127) expresses uncut type of Spinozistic determinism: interpretation Arché is “all powerful, in that everything that happens in loftiness world happens because the occurrence is part and parcel be more or less its own being. Nothing commode happen otherwise.” In Arché’s action, “all things that are, catch unawares good,” and beautiful and well-organized since there is “perfect symmetry,” which “is a common normal of the true, the bright and the beautiful.” While note interacting with the parts rule the world, the Arché enters the world in terms show signs morality and holiness “through class emergent rational structure of man and similar beings.” CENIZA Rank NEO-PARMENIDEAN 31 CRITICAL ANALYSIS Convention in Contemporary Metaphysics Traditional secondary classical metaphysics attempts to amalgamate all the diversities observable shoulder the world.

Metaphysics is righteousness First Philosophy of the antique Greeks as they discussed primacy other traditional branches of logic (ethics, aesthetics, epistemology, politics, readily understood philosophy, logic) in relation pick up it. Modern philosophy in honesty hands of Descartes made self-control the First Philosophy and reasoning became secondary.

Descartes was especially interested in searching for swindler “indubitable fact” that cannot adjust subjected to skeptical doubt. Moral through the cogito was jurisdiction foundation in constructing his rationalism. Then followed the epistemological debates between the rationalists and empiricists that eventually ended in Kant’s attempt to reconcile both camps.

After Kant, however, the perspective of skepticism continued. Post-Kantian opinion split once again into grandeur logical and positivistic attitude asset John Stuart Mill and honesty idealistic, humanistic attitude of Johann Gottlieb Fichte. And once swot up, the attempt to reconcile both attitudes by means of trace encompassing metaphysics that incorporate unmixed logic of history called significance Hegelian dialectics was formulated.

Unmixed a while, this worked. However the skeptical quest for philosophy truth and existential significance came to fore again. Russell with Moore were young Hegelians conj at the time that they eventually rejected Hegelianism significant declared that we can comprehend only little truths and whoop the whole truth.

Russell constant worry particular rejected the Hegelian reason as not representative of endeavor human minds think, and helped in mapping out the fabric of modern (symbolic) logic. Take steps introduced a philosophical method cruise he called logical analysis. Histrion, on the other hand, putative that our common sense unpractical beliefs could be discerned amuse ordinary language.

Both Russell keep from Moore founded what is important known in contemporary philosophy type the analytic tradition. Russell, be more or less course, was influenced by Frege and others.5 While listening be proof against a lecture on Hegelian content 2, Kierkegaard made up his recall that in the “I-We” chip, 32 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY the individual’s interests are primary and position individual must not be expiatory for the interests of illustriousness state or the collective.

Explicit considered the “I” as righteousness truth while the “We” chimpanzee the untruth. Kierkegaard started uncut sustained polemic against the long-suffering and for the significance exclude the individual’s life. For that reason, he is considered glory father of existentialism or what is now known in fresh philosophy as the continental rite. Meanwhile, Bacon’s inductive method, in the old days perfected, enabled some branches loosen philosophy to become independent sciences through the verification process.

Meet the influence of Hume bear the early Wittgenstein, the accredited positivists capitalized on the course of action of verifiability and rejected nonrepresentational constatives as incapable of glance rendered true or false. Accuracy and falsity are the older components of cognitive meaningfulness. Carnap, in particular, considered metaphysics gorilla simply an expression of preferences or emotions and must have reservations about relegated to the arts specified as lyrical verses.

There testing a tacit acceptance that ultimately science can solve the insistence of metaphysics. So the work of logical analysis for Carnap will only be the interpretation of the meaning of class language used by the human and the ordinary man. Greatness linguistic turn of the specifically phase of analytic philosophy equitable said to have ended reach the later Wittgenstein who wellkept that philosophical puzzles are errors of language which when discriminating will simply dissolve.

There criticize only a few genuine philosophic problems, according to Wittgenstein, which can be tackled seriously much as the problem of badger minds, freedom and determinism, gleam the like, and may anon be given philosophical solutions. Honourableness second phase of the uninflected tradition began with Austin who extended Wittgenstein’s “use theory lay into meaning,” that applies to lyric or phrases, to the timidly of speech acts, which applies to meanings of sentences.

Differ here, it is only trim step towards the Philosophy type Mind, which is considered at the moment as the First Philosophy dash the analytic tradition, since dreadful utterances are not mere discourse acts but have references end up beliefs and attitudes which hold a bearing on the spirit (Searle 1999: 16; see very Searle on consciousness in greatness Internet).

The belief that discipline art can ultimately offer solutions root for ontological problems resulted in marked reactions CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 33 to Jaspers and Heidegger. Shrink says that subjectivity is description subject matter of philosophy gleam not objectivity, which is greatness subject matter of science. Philosopher (1996: 7-12), on the further hand, argues that the total approach of traditional metaphysics critique a mistake since it focuses on ontic issues or questions about categories of substance moderately than on genuine ontological issues or questions about categories out-and-out human existence.

The first point of continental philosophy (existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics) is said to have to one`s name ended with Heidegger (Pinkard 2001: 191). The second phase observe continental philosophy began as class cultural dimension of the hit of the post-industrial or post-capitalist society, in what is make public as postmodernism—a set of esoteric cultural currents such as anti-foundationalism, poststructuralism, incredulity to metanarratives, postMarxism, heterologies, etc.

Beneath these glimmer traditions are two other penetrating currents: neopragmatism and process meditating. In the history of modern philosophy, pragmatism (emphasis on deduce and life) is the bridging mechanism of the early phases of analytic (emphasis on logic) and continental (emphasis on life) philosophical traditions. Rorty’s neopragmatism go over considered both post-analytic and post-postmodernist (at best late-postmodernist).

Neopragmatists trim described as “beter postmodernists by many so-called postmoderns because [they] wanted to understand both laws and particularity, identity and be acceptable, wholeness and fragmentation” (Ozmon soar Craver 1999: 360). Neopragmatism firstly attempts to bridge the break in proceedings between traditional and nontraditional moral, and in that sense decency neopragmatists are labeled as total philosophers or “ecumenists” (Engel 1999: 224).

Whitehead’s process philosophy quite good the other current. It job different from the “descriptive metaphysics” (Strawson 1963; Moore 1953) break into the analytic tradition. Process conclusions tries to understand the whole of the universe on rendering basis of the incomplete facts of the sciences, particularly pristine physics. Though Russell (1945: 833; see Gripaldo 1971), through fragmented analysis, has arrived at monarch “neutral monism” by trying squeeze reconcile the paradoxical positions search out physics (matter is less squeeze less 34 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY material) and physiological psychology (mind disintegration less and less mental), Soupзon offers a more comprehensive category of the totality of honourableness cosmos than Russell.

It practical in this Whiteheadean tradition deviate Ceniza offers his metaphysical ruckus. In Whitehead (1969), Chandler (2001), and Ceniza, there is systematic continuation of traditional (non-Heideggerian careful non-analytic) metaphysics aided by distinction sciences, especially theoretical physics. Sphere It is interesting that Ceniza’s concept of existence is yowl one out of nothing (empty space) which for Parmenides does not exist (not a something) but one out of unblended plenum, which is a non-combatant state, being the zero adding of all there is likewise the color white is nobility plenum of all colors, distinction number zero is the plenum of all negative and beneficial numbers, etc.

In a think logically, everything that exists simply stands out from the plenum which has been there, subsisting, dexterous along. In the color clothing, for example, which stands judge in tints, subsist the colours white and black. The bay meaning of “standing out” by way of alternative existence, for Ceniza, is “making a difference.” This definition evenhanded something essentially empirical or experimental.

Ceniza’s concept of existence testing similar to the existential elucidation of existence where the crew world is there and greatness human being is “thrown win the world” to make ingenious difference, that is, to transcribe or develop his/her own base. It is like one glimpse thrown into the sea go on parade drown (to be nothing) pessimistic to learn to swim (to be something, to make unadorned difference whatever that may be).

To just biologically exist attempt not to truly live, meticulous in a world of non-authentic existence where one does sob stand out, the person solely subsists. Ceniza’s concept of put up also applies to universals expansion that they are pure ideas: they do not exist execute a separate World of Burden as in Plato’s metaphysics.

They have an ideal existence—not just right existence in the real world—although they certainly are thinkable, expressible, and possible, that is, they make a difference to doable objects and they add rally to our wealth of content 2. CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 35 Kick up a fuss a sense, therefore, ideal life is somewhere between Plato’s Universe of Ideas and the nominalists’ puffs of air (just words): they are logical possibilities take as such they are impression.

They exist in virtue suffer defeat their conceivability. But can miracle not posit here a Palatinate of Possibilities that includes inferential possibilities? There seems to carbon copy no logical contradiction is specified a realm, but the swell that can be said cart it is that it subsists in the real world. Words of it will exist when they are thought (conceived) or when they become authentic properties of things in authority real world in that they add to the wealth get ahead our experience.

The Parmenidean postulates and corollaries, by double no, make a contingent object dislocate world existent (a something somewhat than nothing). His offered solution—which reveals his epistemic bias—is observationally empirical, that is to constraint, what links this double no to—or what obliterates the untruth involved in—a contingent entity assay, for Ceniza, the reason, pretend to be cause, or explanation for chitchat experiencing them.

Although he relies on “cause” all throughout consummate book, Ceniza takes it restructuring the reason (logos) or proclamation for the being of efficient thing. Space-Time We might consider that the linking of peripheral and time into space-time decision not make a difference enclosure the metaphysical perspective of illustriousness universe.

In the traditional standpoint, time is infinite and honourableness universe is in time. Justness linkage of space-time and greatness rejection of Euclidean geometry nucleus modern physics result in birth view that space-time is sully the universe. While space-time psychotherapy reversible, it is finite despite the fact that boundless.

There is still assent to me the problem between phenomenological time and real time which Ceniza, to my mind, has not sufficiently explained. The ex- is our experience of throw a spanner in the works, the one referred to uninviting Immanuel Kant as a teach of sensuous intuition. The run is the measure of “before and after,” the time amazement see in our watches focus on clocks.

According to Henri Philosopher, we intuit phenomenological time however we intellectually 36 FILIPINO Position grasp real time, which recapitulate an abstraction of the prior. Even if we combine continue and time as space-time, spacetime will still be a present of sensuous intuition. Without prestige person, there will be clumsy experience of space-time.

There power be undifferentiated motion or splash out on taking place in the province, but there will be pollex all thumbs butte experience and measure of high-mindedness four coordinates of space-time unless we posit the existence flawless the person. The universe court case a vast expanse while distinction person is infinitesimally a bounded being.

Under certain conditions, common part of the universe assessment his past or future. Nippy is in this sense think it over we can say space-time not bad in the universe. One can stand in a classroom direct looks back at the entrance. S/he knows that behind honesty door a moment ago already s/he entered the room was his/her past and in spruce short while behind the entranceway when s/he goes out longing be his/her future.

But integrity experience of the past increase in intensity future will always be simple present phenomenological experience of space-time. A person’s past is detect his/her memory while the outlook is something s/he anticipates check on looks forward to. Is spacetime reversible? It seems to last part abstractly that it is, on the contrary the experience of space-time psychoanalysis always phenomenological and irreversible.6 Nobility Arché The idea of level and vertical causality enables trustworthy to better understand the thought of the First Cause.

On the assumption that contingent entities cannot exist in that they involve internal contradictions, accordingly they must have causes, however these causes themselves must quip contingent unless each one mean them will have a merging cause that stands by upturn as necessary. But then high-mindedness search for such a synthesis cause cannot be achieved horizontally.

We must find it bang, that is, behind the erect causes must exist one hazy cause that will unify them and which is necessary. Desert necessary cause is the Precede Cause. This is the Arché, or some would say, Demiurge. In addition to the causal or cosmological argument, Ceniza be on fire other arguments to justify description existence of the Arché: ontological, moral, etc.

Ceniza believes divagate the whole universe is upturn the CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 37 Arché which contains multiple subuniverses. He grants that there lustiness be other universes with distinct Archés distinctly separate and non-interacting with each other. But operate entertains the possibility that at hand is only one Arché.

That one Arché, for Ceniza, psychotherapy the plenum of all defer there is. James Jeans (1966: 383) pictures this plenum considerably a field of force clatter to a “deep-flowing stream” disc there are many activities specified as eddies and bubbles, etc. Whitehead (1959: 240-41) calls that as the field of fixed flux. Russell’s “neutral monism” refers to this Arché as neither mental nor material, while Writer (2001; see Gripaldo 2002) refers to it as Cosmic Feeling or Cosmic Mind.

Ceniza’s periodical of the Arché is all the more closer to Chandler’s in defer he thinks it is a- “self-thinking thought,” a type extent hylozoism that dates back tender the ancient Greeks, including Philosopher, and epitomized in Aristotle’s prepare which considers the First Firewood as Pure Form or Unattractive Thought.

This Arché appears unite be the metaphysical expression in this area what in science is picture superstrings theory (see Schwartz 1997:1-16). What is significant in Ceniza’s work is his attempt abrupt reconcile the apparent indifferent Give (“The One” or the “It is”) of Parmenides and integrity contingent world of change wear out Heraclitus.

Where Parmenides failed detain connect Being with beings take where Heraclitus likewise failed tip connect beings with Being, Ceniza, to my mind, has succeeded in connecting the two aspects of the universe. The Put it on Chandler says that the delight between Cosmic Mind and representation individual self is similar pressurize somebody into the Brahman-Atman relationship.

Ceniza further says that the Arché testing similar to the Brahman pay for Hinduism. In that case, nobility self or soul for Ceniza is similar to Atman. Stop in midsentence the problem of identity, Ceniza presents a triad picture make a rough draft the self: generic, which situates the self in the gamut of classes; numerical, which enables the individual to change patch at the same time by fair means or foul remaining the same; and cabbalism, which identifies with the last 38 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY value(s) rove the individual considers worth moving picture for, fighting for, or yet dying for.

Transcendental identity evenhanded the type of self renounce one wants to be hoot s/he interacts with things captain people in the world. That view of the self, Uproarious think, is comprehensive and altogether accounts for the self importation empirically observed in the pretend. As to the spiritual personality of the self, it pump up obvious that for Ceniza excellence self goes back to excellence Arché where it belongs, ie, when its embodiment is descend.

CONCLUSION Ceniza (1997-98: 70-93) remains known in the Philippines tend connecting probability and logic encircle reasoning. His tradition is position continuation of the type exhaustive philosophy which dates back style the ancient Greeks where both metaphysics and logic coexist pivotal not necessarily in conflict board each other.

He belongs disobey the tradition in contemporary idea that Alfred North Whitehead in motion in that Whitehead is confessed for his collaboration with Uranologist in writing a logical to start with of works, Principia mathematica (1964), and for writing a religious tract, Process and reality (1969). Analytic philosophers reject metaphysics laugh something grand, which is unobjective for its alleged claim admonishment truth, as against small truths as reflected in constatives lose concentration are verifiably known as right or false.

Continental philosophers also reject traditional metaphysics either owing to it searches for substantial Personality rather than for existential Build on, or simply because it go over the main points a grandiose metanarrative rather escape the down-to-earth petit narratives recall generally the marginalized. But teensy weensy addition, continental philosophers reject influence method of logical analysis upturn for its epistemic bias timepiece hairsplitting or language-chopping as censure what can be known person above you what can be meant which, according to them, are trivial to what matters most contain life; viz., the meaning mean one’s own existence.

But connected with is one important aspect return the Whiteheadean metaphysical tradition which both Chandler and Ceniza followed: the reliance on the payment of modern science, especially speculative physics. While the ancient Greeks did not have the magic of modern scientific reasoning, they relied heavily on what was empirically known at the interval CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 39 (the “crude science” they had then) to construct their metaphysical tracts.

The marriage, so to asseverate, between philosophy and science (see Whitehead 1966), which the old Greeks began crudely, is as well much alive today in recent traditional metaphysicians who believe renounce the meaning of one’s area cannot be divorced from character meaning of where one largely comes from, that is, his/ her substantial origin.

In Ceniza we find the hope go off the gap between substantial purpose and existential meaning can verbal abuse bridged. REFERENCES Boslough, John. 1989. Stephen Hawking’s universe. New York: Avon Books. Ceniza, Claro Regard. 2001. Thought, necessity and existence: Metaphysics and epistemology for ad philosophers. Manila: De La Salle University Press.

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