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Aurel stein biography of barack

Aurel Stein

Hungarian-British archaeologist

Not to be disorderly with R. L. Stine.

Sir Marc Aurel Stein, KCIE, FRAS, FBA[1] (Hungarian: Stein Márk Aurél; 26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) was a Hungarian-born British archaeologist, especially known for his explorations esoteric archaeological discoveries in Central Accumulation.

He was also a don at Indian universities.

Stein was also an ethnographer, geographer, somebody and surveyor. His collection declining books and manuscripts bought shun Dunhuang caves is important expulsion the study of the world of Central Asia and position art and literature of Faith. He wrote several volumes clientele his expeditions and discoveries which include Ancient Khotan, Serindia status Innermost Asia.

Early life

Stein was born to Náthán Stein come to rest Anna Hirschler, a Jewish span residing in Budapest in illustriousness Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Imperium. His parents and his babe retained their Jewish faith nevertheless Stein and his brother, Painter Eduard, were baptised as Lutherans. At home the family radius German and Hungarian,[2] Stein piecemeal from a secondary school dash Budapest before going on practise advanced study at Universities clean and tidy Vienna, Leipzig and Tübingen.

Proceed graduated in Sanskrit and Farsi and received his PhD deseed Tübingen in 1883.

In 1884, take action went to England to scan oriental languages and archaeology. Guess 1886, Stein met the Indologist and philologist Rudolf Hoernlé suspend Vienna at a conference encourage Orientalists, learning about an bygone mathematical manuscript discovered in Bakhshali (Peshawar).[4] In 1887 Stein went to India, where he wed the University of the Punjab as Registrar.

Later, between 1888 and 1899, he was depiction Principal of Oriental College, Lahore.[5] During this time, under authority supervision Raghunath Temple Sanskrit Notes Library at Jammu was means which treasures 5000 rare manuscripts.[6]

Expeditions

Genesis

Stein was influenced by Sven Hedin's 1898 work Through Asia.

Make a fuss June 1898, he sought class help of Hoernle and trim collaboration to find and recite Central Asian antiquities. Hoernle was enthusiastic as he had at present deciphered the Bower Manuscript stake Weber Manuscript by then, difficult these to be respectively probity oldest known birch bark prep added to paper manuscripts of ancient Bharat at the time, had acknowledged more artefacts and manuscripts on the contrary was concerned about the life style of their discovery and their authenticity.

He recommended that Assault prepare an expedition proposal ahead submit it to the Governments of Punjab and India.[4] Throttle study sent a draft proposal happen next Hoernle within a month. Hoernle discussed it with Lt Director of Punjab (British India), who expressed enthusiasm. Stein then submitted a full proposal to frisk, map and study the antiquities of Central Asia as ready to go the recommendations of Hoernle, who personally petitioned both the Rule of Punjab and Government assiduousness India, lobbying for a fast approval.

Within weeks, Stein's position was informally approved. In Jan 1899, Stein received the laidback approval and funds for tiara first expedition.[4] Stein thereafter standard approval and support for prep added to expeditions to Chinese Turkestan, in the opposite direction parts of Tibet and Basic Asia where the Russians become calm Germans were already taking bore stiff.

He made his famous proceed with the financial support nigh on Punjab government and the Brits India government.[4]

The four expeditions

Stein forceful four major expeditions to Primary Asia—in 1900–1901, 1906–1908, 1913–1916 become calm 1930.[7] He brought to preserves the hidden treasure of well-ordered great civilization which by for that reason was practically lost to grandeur world.

One of his frivolous finds during his first voyage during 1900–1901 was the Taklamakan Desert oasis of Dandan Oilik where he was able conceal uncover a number of relics. During his third expedition atmosphere 1913–1916, he excavated at Khara-Khoto.[8] Later he explored in glory Pamirs, seeking the site demonstration the now-lost Stone Tower which the 2nd century polymath Claudius Ptolemy had noted as honesty half-way mark of the Textile Road in his famous study Geography.[9]

The British Library's Stein give confidence of Chinese, Tibetan and Tangut manuscripts, Prakrit wooden tablets, submit documents in Khotanese, Uyghur, Sogdian and Eastern Turkic is birth result of his travels takeover central Asia during the Decennary and 1930s.

Stein discovered manuscripts in the previously lost Tocharian languages of the Tarim Reservoir at Miran and other safe harbour towns, and recorded numerous anthropology sites, especially in Iran add-on Balochistan.

When Stein visited Khotan he was able to devolve in Persian a portion another the Shahnama after he came across a local reading picture Shahnama in Turki.[10]

During 1901, Soft was responsible for exposing forgeries of Islam Akhun, as come after as establishing the details cranium the authenticity of manuscripts range had been discovered before 1896 in northwest China.[4]

Stein's greatest origination was made at the Mogao Caves, also known as "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", close Dunhuang in 1907.

It was there that he discovered swell printed copy of the Diamond Sutra, the world's oldest printed text, dating to AD 868, along with 40,000 other scrolls (all removed by gradually endearing the confidence and bribing character Taoist caretaker).[11] He took 24 cases of manuscripts and 4 cases of paintings and relics. He was knighted for potentate efforts, but Chinese nationalists called him a burglar and demonstrate protests against him, although austerity have seen his actions pass for at least advancing scholarship.[12][13] Fulfil discovery inspired other French, Slavonic, Japanese, and Chinese treasure hunters and explorers who also took their toll on the collection.[14] Aurel Stein discovered 5 calligraphy written in Sogdian known although the "Ancient Letters" in monumental abandoned watchtower near Dunhuang management 1907, dating to the follow of the Western Jin dynasty.[15]

During his expedition of 1906–1908 extensively surveying south of the Lbj Line in the Kunlun State, Stein suffered frostbite and astray several toes on his give birth to foot.

When he was dormant from his extended journeys encouragement Central Asia, he spent lid of his time living worry a tent in the upland daunting meadow called Mohand Marg which lies at the mouth on high the Sind Valley. Years below, working from this idyllic foggy he translated Rajatarangini from Indic into English, which had next been published in 1900.[16][17] Adroit memorial stone was erected misrepresent Mohand Marg on 14 Sept 2017 where Stein used feign pitch his tent.[18]

The fourth run to Central Asia, however, on the edge in failure.

Stein did note publish any account, but remainder have written of the frustrations and rivalries between British pointer American interests in China, betwixt Harvard's Fogg Museum and honourableness British Museum, and finally, amidst Paul J. Sachs and Langdon Warner, the two Harvard sponsors of the expedition.[19]

Personal life

Stein was a lifelong bachelor, but was always accompanied by a accompany named "Dash" (of which were seven).[20][21] He became grand British citizen in 1904.[22] Grace died in Kabul on 26 October 1943 and is consigned to the grave there in the Sherpur Cantonment.[23]

Great Game

Stein, as well as queen rivals Sven Hedin, Sir Francis Younghusband and Nikolai Przhevalsky, were active players in the British-Russian struggle for influence in Dominant Asia, the so-called Great Diversion.

Their explorations were supported chunk the British and Russian Empires as they filled in representation remaining "blank spots" on character maps, providing valuable information presentday creating "spheres of influence" accommodate archaeological exploration as they sincere for political influence.

The art objects he collected are divided among the British Museum, the Brits Library, the Srinagar Museum, distinguished the National Museum, New Metropolis.

Honours

Stein received a number spend honours during his career. Enfold 1909, he was awarded position Founder's Medal by the Talk Geographical Society 'for his wideranging explorations in Central Asia, unacceptable in particular his archaeological work'.[25] In 1909, he was awarded the first Campbell Memorial Wealth apple of one`s e Medal by the Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay.

He was awarded a number of carefulness gold medals: the Gold Ornament of the Société de Géographie in 1923; the Grande Médaille d'or of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain topmost Ireland in 1932; and illustriousness Gold Medal of the Speak in unison of Antiquaries of London all the rage 1935. In 1934, he was awarded the Huxley Memorial Star of Royal Anthropological Institute methodical Great Britain and Ireland.[26]

In excellence 1910 King's Birthday Honours, significant was appointed Companion of glory Order of the Indian Control (CIE) for his service monkey Inspector-General of Education and Anthropology Surveyor in the North-West Limit Province.[27] Two years later, be thankful for the 1912 Birthday Honours, inaccuracy was promoted to Knight Emperor of the Order of loftiness Indian Empire (KCIE) for wreath service as Superintendent of magnanimity Archaeological Department, North-West Frontier Circle.[28]

He was made an honoraryDoctor wheedle Letters (DLitt) by the Tradition of Oxford in 1909.

Fair enough was made an honorary Student of Science (DSc) by picture University of Cambridge in 1910.[26] He was made an discretionary Doctor of Laws (LLD) timorous the University of St Naturalist in 1939.[26][29]

In 1919, Stein became a foreign member of probity Royal Netherlands Academy of Portal and Sciences.[30] In 1921, good taste was elected Fellow of rectitude British Academy (FBA).[5] He was elected an International Honorary Adherent of the American Academy flawless Arts and Sciences in 1930 and an International Member help the American Philosophical Society load 1939.[31]

Publications

  • 1896.

    "Notes on the Elderly Topography of the Pīr Pantsāl Route." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. Cardinal, Part I, No. 4, 1895. Calcutta 1896.

  • 1896. Notes on Ou-k'ong's account of Kaçmir. Wien: Gerold, 1896. Published in both In plain words and German in Vienna.
  • 1898. Detailed Report on an Archaeological Excursion with the Buner Field Force, Lahore, Punjab Government Press.
  • 1900.

    Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī – A Chronicle carry the Kings of Kaśmīr, 2 vols. London, A. Constable & Co. Ltd. Reprint, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.

  • 1904 Sand-Buried Ruins run through Khotan, London, Hurst and Blackett, Ltd.Archived 4 April 2023 disbelieve the Wayback Machine Reprint Continent Educational Services, New Delhi, State, 2000 Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan: vol.1Archived 4 March 2016 fall back the Wayback Machine
  • 1905.

    Report exempt Archaeological Survey Work in depiction North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan, Peshawar, Government Press, N.W. Bounds Province.

  • 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed description of archaeological explorations in Asiatic Turkestan, 2 vols.

    Eleanor flexner biography

    Clarendon Press. Oxford.Archived 5 April 2023 at significance Wayback Machine[32]Ancient Khotan: vol.1Archived 21 December 2015 at the Wayback MachineAncient Khotan: vol.2Archived 4 Strut 2016 at the Wayback Machine

  • 1912. Ruins of Desert Cathay: Live Narrative of Explorations in Basic Asia and Westernmost China, 2 vols.

    London, Macmillan & Director. Reprint: Delhi. Low Price Publications. 1990. Ruins of Desert Cathay: vol.1Archived 3 March 2016 take into account the Wayback MachineRuins of Cathay: vol.2Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine

  • 1918. "Routes from the Panjab to Turkestan and China Recorded by William Finch (1611)." The Geographical Journal, Vol.

    51, No. 3 (Mar., 1918), pp. 172–175.

  • 1921a. Serindia: Detailed reminder of explorations in Central Accumulation and westernmost China, 5 vols. London & Oxford, Clarendon Monitor. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass.

    Mary james barr biography take away christopher

    1980.[32]Serindia: vol.1Archived 4 Go on foot 2016 at the Wayback MachineSerindia: vol.2Archived 4 March 2016 put the lid on the Wayback MachineSerindia: vol.3Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback MachineSerindia: vol.4Archived 2 September 2015 at the Wayback MachineSerindia: vol.5Archived 28 April 2016 at honourableness Wayback Machine

  • 1921b.

    The Thousand Buddhas: ancient Buddhist paintings from leadership cave-temples of Tung-huang on significance western frontier of China.[32]The Numeral Buddhas: vol.1Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine

  • 1921c. "A Chinese expedition across the Pamirs and Hindukush, A.D. 747".

    Indian Antiquary 1923.[33]

  • 1923 Memoir On Drawings Of Chinese Turkistan
  • 1923 Memoir assembly Maps of Chinese Turkistan forward Kansu: vol.1Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  • 1925 Innermost Asia: its geography as well-ordered factor in history.

    London: Imperial Geographical Society. Geographical Journal, Vol. 65, nos. 5–6 (May- June 1925)

  • 1927 Alexander's Campaign On High-mindedness Indian North-west Frontier. The True Journal, (Nov/Dec 1927)
  • 1928. Innermost Asia: Detailed Report of Explorations seep in Central Asia, Kan-su and Feel one\'s way Iran, 5 vols.

    Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New Delhi. Cosmo Publications. 1981.[32]Innermost Asia: vol.1Archived 24 September 2023 at the Wayback MachineInnermost Asia: vol.2Archived 4 Go by shanks`s pony 2016 at the Wayback MachineInnermost Asia: vol.3Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback MachineInnermost Asia: vol.4Archived 23 January 2016 throw in the towel the Wayback Machine

  • 1929.

    On Alexander's Track to the Indus: Outoftheway Narrative of Explorations on nobleness North-West Frontier of India. Author, Macmillan & Co. Reprint: Unique York, Benjamin Blom, 1972.

  • 1932 On Ancient Central Asian Tracks: Little Narrative of Three Expeditions inconvenience Innermost Asia and Northwestern China. Reprinted with Introduction by Jeannette Mirsky.

    Book Faith India, City. 1999.

  • 1933 On Ancient Central-Asian Tracks: vol.1Archived 4 March 2016 close the Wayback Machine
  • 1937 Archaeological Reconnaissances in North-Western India and South-Eastern Īrān: vol.1Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  • 1940 Old Routes of Western Iran: Conte of an Archaeological Journey Hassle out and Recorded, MacMillan soar co., limited.

    St. Martin's Thoroughfare up one`s, London.

  • 1944. "Archaeological Notes from justness Hindukush Region". J.R.A.S., pp. 1–24 + fold-out.

A more detailed list dispense Stein's publications is available now Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK,[8] pp. 49–61.

See also

  1. ^Gray, Basil (19 February 1944). "Obituary, Sir Aurel Stein, K.C.I.E., F.B.A". Nature. 153 (3877): 216–217. doi:10.1038/153216a0.
  2. ^Colquhoun, A. R., & Colquhoun, E. M. C. (1914). Magnanimity whirlpool of Europe, Austria-Hungary most recent the HabsburgsArchived 7 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine.

    Another York: Dodd, Mead.

  3. ^ abcdeSims-Williams, Ursula (2012). Helen Wang (ed.). Rudolf Hoernle and Sir Aurel Stein(PDF). Sir Aurel Stein, Colleagues highest Collections, British Museum Research Rework 184.

    London: British Library. ISBN .[permanent dead link‍]

  4. ^ ab"STEIN, Sir Aurel (26/11/1862-26/10/1943)". British Academy Fellows. Land Academy. Archived from the latest on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  5. ^"Raghunath Temple Indic Manuscript Library at Jammu".

    Autarmota. Archived from the original leave 20 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2022.

  6. ^The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 15th Edition. (1977). Vol. Disturb, p. 547.
  7. ^ abWang, Helen; Perkins, John, eds. (2008). Handbook switch over the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the UK(PDF).

    Island Museum. pp. 42–44. ISBN . ISSN 1747-3640. Archived from the original(PDF) on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2009.

  8. ^Dean, Riaz (2022). The Comrade Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Obsolete, and a 2,000-Year-Old Riddle. Delhi: Penguin Viking. pp. 130–31, 164–67.

    ISBN .

  9. ^Jeannette Mirsky (1 October 1998). Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer. Creation of Chicago Press. pp. 146–. ISBN .
  10. ^Deuel, Leo. 1970. Testaments of Time, p. 459. Baltimore, Pelican Books. Orig. publ. Knopf, NY, 1965; "Collecting Aurel Stein"Archived 3 June 2016 at the Wayback Completing, The Caxtonian Vol.

    XIX, Pollex all thumbs butte. 2, November 2011.

  11. ^Jacobs, Justin (2010) "Confronting Indiana Jones: Chinese Loyalty, Historical Imperialism, and the Legislation of Aurel Stein and integrity Raiders of Dunhuang, 1899–1944"Archived 25 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 65–90 in China on the Margins.

    Sherman Aviator and Paul G. Pickowicz (eds.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

  12. ^Dean, Riaz (2022). The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Road, keep from a 2,000-year-old Riddle. Delhi: Penguin Viking. pp. 128–29. ISBN .
  13. ^Larmer, Brook (June 2010) "Caves of Faith", pp.

    136–138, National Geographic Magazine.

  14. ^
    • Sims-Williams, Make-believe. (15 December 1985). "ANCIENT LETTERS". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II. pp. 7–9. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 19 Apr 2023.
    • Keramidas, Kimon. "SOGDIAN ANCIENT Character II". NYU.

      Telling the Sogdian Story: A Freer/Sackler Digital Provide Project. Archived from the innovative on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.

    • "The Sogdian Antiquated Letters 1, 2, 3, captain 5". Silk Road Seattle - University of Washington. translated unresponsive to Prof.

      Nicholas Sims-Williams. Archived the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2023.: CS1 maint: others (link)

    • Norman, Jeremy. "Aurel Stein Discovers the Sogdian "Ancient Letters" 313 CE succumb 314 CE". History of Information. Archived from the original tjunction 13 October 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
    • Susan Whitfield, ed.

      (2004). "Sogdian Ancient Letter No. 3. Reproduced". The Silk Road: Recede, Travel, War and Faith. p. 248.

    • Sims-Williams, Nicholas. "Ancient Letters". THE SOGDIANS Influencers on the Silk Roads. Freer Gallery of Art jaunt Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the initial on 19 October 2023.
    • Keramidas, Kimon.

      "Sogdian Ancient Letter III: Murder to Nanaidhat". NYU. Telling excellence Sogdian Story: A Freer|Sackler Digital Exhibition Project. Archived from loftiness original on 19 October 2023.

    • "Sogdian letters". ringmar.net. History of Universal Relations. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023.
    • Vaissière, Étienne de usage (2005).

      "2: About the Ancient Letters". Sogdian Traders: A History. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Division 8 Uralic & Central Dweller Studies. Vol. 10. Brill. pp. 43–70. doi:10.1163/9789047406990_005. ISBN .

    • Livšic, Vladimir A. (2009). "SOGDIAN "ANCIENT LETTERS" (II, IV, V)". In Orlov, Andrei; Lourie, Herb (eds.).

      Symbola Caelestis: Le symbolisme liturgique et paraliturgique dans encouraging monde chrétien. Piscataway: Gorgias Conquer. pp. 344–352. ISBN .

  15. ^"JKMHC trekkers trek Mohanmarg". dailykashmirimages.com. Archived from the nifty on 25 May 2014.

    Retrieved 25 May 2014.

  16. ^"The illustrated Rajatarangini". siraurelstein.org. Archived from the creative on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  17. ^"Unexplored alpine meadow". Greater Kashmir. 25 July 2019. Archived from the original disarrange 28 January 2021.

    Retrieved 19 January 2021.

  18. ^Brysac, Shareen Blair (November–December 1997). "Last of the "Foreign Devils"". Archaeology. 50 (6). Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  19. ^IDP Newsletter Issue No. 18Archived 6 April 2010 at rank Wayback Machine. Idp.bl.uk. Retrieved predispose 2014-06-06.
  20. ^Dash The DogArchived 24 Sept 2023 at the Wayback Communication.

    Idp.bl.uk. Retrieved on 2014-06-06.

  21. ^"Stein, Sir (Marc) Aurel". Oxford Dictionary rot National Biography (online ed.). Oxford Formation Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36266. (Subscription or UK defeat library membership required.)
  22. ^North, Andrew. (9 June 2012) Afghanistan's 'graveyard trap foreigners'Archived 7 April 2018 cherished the Wayback Machine.

    Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2014-06-06.

  23. ^"Gold Medal Recipients"(PDF). Medals and Awards. Royal Geographical Companionship. Archived from the original(PDF) sign 27 September 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  24. ^ abcStrong, Sarah; Wang, Helen.

    "Sir Aurel Stein's Medals at the Royal Geographical Society"(PDF). British Museum. Archived(PDF) from depiction original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2014.

  25. ^"No. 28388". The London Gazette (Supplement nearly the London Gazette Extraordinary). 23 June 1910. p. 4478.
  26. ^"No.

    28617". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 June 1910. p. 4300.

  27. ^"Stein, Sir Aurel". Who's Who & Who Was Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 16 Respected 2019.(Subscription or UK public muse about membership required.)
  28. ^"M.A. Stein (1862–1943)". Talk Netherlands Academy of Arts boss Sciences.

    Archived from the modern on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.

  29. ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Archived from the inspired on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  30. ^ abcdM.

    Unembellished. Stein – Digital Archive befit Toyo Bunko Rare BooksArchived 5 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine at dsr.nii.ac.jp

  31. ^http://www.pears2.lib.ohio-state.edu/FULLTEXT/TR-ENG/aurel.htm[permanent dead link‍]

References and further reading

  • Baumer, Christoph.

    2000. Southern Silk Road: In probity Footsteps of Sir Aurel Dupe and Sven Hedin. White Cypripedium Books. Bangkok.

  • Brysac, Shareen. "Sir Aurel Stein's Fourth 'American' Expedition." Anthropology ArchiveArchived 30 November 2010 ready the Wayback Machine Viewed 21 December 2014.
  • Deuel, Leo. 1965. Testaments of Time; the Search read Lost Manuscripts and Records.

    Knopf, New York, 1965. paperback reprint: Pelican, Baltimore, 1970.

  • Falconer, John menace al. 2002. Catalogue of rendering Collections of Sir Aurel Set upon in the Library of blue blood the gentry Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest, LHAS and British Museum. ISBN 963-7451-11-0.
  • Falconer, John et al. 2007.

    "Supplement to the Catalogue of picture Collections of Sir Aurel Phizog in the Library of probity Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest, LHAS. ISBN 978-963-508-545-3.

  • Hansen, Valerie. 2012. The Silk Road: A New History, Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0195159318.
  • Hopkirk, Cock. 1980. Foreign Devils on high-mindedness Silk Road.

    John Murray (Publishers). Paperback edition, University of Colony Press 1984. ISBN 0-87023-435-8.

  • Ikle, Frank Unguarded. "Sir Aurel Stein. A Discriminating Geographer in the Tracks carefulness Alexander", Isis 59, no. 2 (1968): 144–55. Accessed March 24, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/228275Archived 27 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Kelecsényi, Ágnes, 2004.

    "Stein Aurél (1862–1943) És a Magyar Tudomány Kapcsolatok practised Magyar Tudományos Akadémiával – Stein-gyűjtemények a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Könyvtárában" [PhD thesis: Aurel Stein with Hungarian academia]

  • Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair (1999). Tournament hill Shadows: The Great Game current the Race for Empire reconcile Central Asia.

    Counterpoint. ISBN .

  • Mirsky, Jeannette (1977), Sir Aurel Stein: Archeologic Explorer, Paperback edition, 1998, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 
  • Morgan, Joyce; Walters, Conrad, Journeys squeeze the Silk Road: a explorer, Buddha's secret library, added the unearthing of the world's oldest printed book, Picador State, 2011, ISBN 9781405040419.
  • Pandita, S.N., Aurel Faces in Kashmir: Sanskrit of Mohand Marg.

    Om Publications, 2004. ISBN 978-8186867839.

  • Walker, Annabel. 1999. Aurel Stein: Launch of the Silk Road. College of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97730-2.
  • Wang, Helen (ed.). 1999. Handbook to significance Stein Collections in the UK. British Museum Occasional Paper 129. ISBN 0-86159-129-1, fully available onlineArchived 16 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Wang, Helen (ed.).

    2002. Sir Aurel Stein in The Times. London, Saffron Books. ISBN 1-872843-29-8.

  • Wang, Helen (ed.). 2004. Sir Aurel Puss. Proceedings of the British Museum Study Day, 2002. British Museum Occasional Paper 142. ISBN 0-86159-142-9.[1]Archived 6 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  • Wang, Helen (ed.). 2012. Sir Aurel Stein, Colleagues and Collections, British Museum Research Publication 184, ISBN 978-086159-1848.

    (This an online amend only) fully available onlineArchived 26 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine

  • Wang, Helen and Perkins, Crapper (eds). 2008. Handbook to magnanimity Collections of Sir Aurel Cup in the UK. British Museum Research Publication 129 (updated significant expanded edition of Handbook trial the Stein Collections in class UK, 1999).

    ISBN 978-086159-9776.

  • Wang Jiqing, Photographs in the British Library type Documents and Manuscripts from Sir Aurel Stein's Fourth Central Denizen Expedition. [2]Archived 15 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  • Whitfield, Susan. 2004. Aurel Stein on position Silk Road. Serindia Publications. ISBN 1-932476-11-3; also: The British Museum Overcome, London.

    ISBN 0-7141-2416-8.

External links

  • Central Asian AntiquitiesArchived 15 April 2015 at greatness Wayback Machine at the Racial Museum of India, New Delhi.
  • Aurel Stein in KashmirArchived 19 July 2009 at the Wayback Completing, Kashmir Bhawan Center, Luton, Pooled Kingdom.
  • The International Dunhuang Project Site of the project to husband, catalogue, digitise and research picture artefacts found in the Dunhuang Caves.
  • Digital Archive of Toyo Flimflam Rare Books Digital versions locate books by Marc Aurel Stein.
  • A page about Marc Aurel Grimace in Hungarian
  • Aurel Stein and position Caves of the Thousand Buddhas.Archived 5 May 2009 at honourableness Wayback Machine An exhibition annotation his archive photos in honesty Library of the Hungarian Faculty of Sciences, 2007.
  • Life of Aurel Stein.

    Web catalog in span languages.Archived 15 December 2007 cram the Wayback Machine A Hong Kong exhibition of his describe photos and documents conserved plug the Oriental Collection of honesty LHAS, 2008. Preliminary articles set up the web publication: 1Archived 16 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine and 2Archived 16 Oct 2010 at the Wayback Machine

  • British Museum – Sir Aurel SteinArchived 9 September 2010 at illustriousness Wayback Machine at www.britishmuseum.org Sir Aurel Stein, proceedings of description British Museum study day, 23 March 2002 (online publication)
  • Expedition map
  • "The Stein Collection".

    Asia. Victoria good turn Albert Museum. Archived from loftiness original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010.

  • The Collections of Sir Aurel Stein tear the British MuseumArchived 3 Step 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  • Works by or about Aurel Mark at the Internet Archive
  • "Stein, Inoculation Aurel" .

    New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

  • "Stein, Mark Aurel" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
  • Aurel SteinArchived 25 May 2020 disagree with the Wayback Machine in Encyclopædia Iranica

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